All public logs

Combined display of all available logs of greek.doctor. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).

11:06, 18 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Antineoplastic drugs: Cytotoxic drugs (Created page with "Cytotoxic drugs inhibit division of tumor cells and induce their apoptosis, usually by damaging DNA or interfering with mitosis. They’re more effective against rapidly dividing tumor cells. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide alkylates and damages DNA. Antimetabolites like methotrexate are structurally similar to important metabolites and can be incorporated into DNA or damage DNA in other ways. Cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin inhibit topoisomerase II and d...") Tag: Visual edit
11:02, 5 April 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: Drugs other than aspirin or paracetamol. Drugs used to treat gout. (Created page with "== Other NSAIDs == The analgetic and antiinflammatory effects of different NSAIDs are more or less identical when examined on a population level, but some patients respond better to some NSAIDs than others and have more side effects from some NSAIDs than others. So if someone experiences poor efficacy or many side effects from one NSAID, it may be worth to try another. There's some theoretical background which may indicate some NSAIDs being better for some uses than ot...") Tag: Visual edit
20:01, 30 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Retinitis pigmentosa (Created page with "Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited dystrophies of the retina. It's a chronic and progressive degenerative disease which causes progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors, causing progressive vision loss ending in blindness. It usually begins in childhood or early adulthood. There is no known cure. The prevalence is 1 per 5000, and 50% of cases are familial. == Etiology == Mutations in many genes can cause RP, and there are multiple patterns of inheritance...") Tag: Visual edit
19:35, 30 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Ophthalmology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
15:13, 21 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Aspirin, paracetamol (Created page with "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most widely used drugs in the world, and they're among the most frequently implicated drugs in causing hospital admissions. They all have a similar mechanism of action; they inhibit ''cyclooxygenase'' (<abbr>COX</abbr>). This reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This has three main effects: * Antipyretic effect * Anti-inflammatory effect * Analgesic effect === Antipyretic effect === Pro...") Tag: Visual edit
10:30, 21 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Pharmacology of eicosanoids. Drugs acting on smooth muscle (Created page with "== Eicosanoids == thumb|318x318px|Synthesis of eicosanoids. You already know these bad boys, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. They’re synthesized from membrane phospholipids, which are first converted into arachidonic acid by ''phospholipase A2''. These molecules are very short-lived, meaning that they’re rapidly broken down in plasma after they’re produced. Their half-life is only 1 minute! They’re called eicosano...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 21 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Eicosanoid synthesis.png
10:24, 21 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Eicosanoid synthesis.png
15:00, 20 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Serotonin, serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists (Created page with "== Serotonin == Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important central and peripheral neurotransmitter as well as a local hormone. 90% of serotonin in the body is found in the neuroendocrine enterochromaffin cells in the <abbr>GI</abbr> tract, where they function as a local hormone. It’s also found in platelets and in serotonergic neurons. === Synthesis and metabolism === Serotonin is synthesised in two steps. Tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophane...") Tag: Visual edit
14:26, 20 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Histamine, antihistaminic drugs (Created page with "== Histamine == Histamine is a basic amine that is formed from histidine by ''histidine decarboxylase''. Mast cells, basophils, histamininergic neurons and enterochromaffin cells produce it. Mast cells are especially abundant in the respiratory tract, <abbr>GI</abbr> tract and skin. Mast cells have granules that contain histamine and other compounds. These granules are exocytosed (called degranulation) when the <abbr>IgE</abbr> molecules bound to the cell bind to an ant...") Tag: Visual edit
10:44, 20 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Triple response of Lewis.png
10:44, 20 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Triple response of Lewis.png
14:57, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Drugs affecting hematopoiesis (Created page with "== Growth factors == The normal haematopoiesis depends on the presence of certain growth factors. Increased level of these growth factors stimulates certain cell-lines, as seen in the figure above. By administering these growth factors can we increase the levels of certain cells if their levels are lacking. The growth factors that are bolded are the ones we give clinically. The most important ones are: * GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) – sti...") Tag: Visual edit
14:40, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Fibrinolytics, antifibrinolytics, hemostatic agents (Created page with "== Introduction to fibrinolysis == The fibrinolytic system is activated simultaneously with the coagulation cascade. The function of this system is to dissolve the clot after the bleeding has stopped and the damage has been repaired. Many proteins are involved, most important ''tissue plasminogen activator'' (tPA), plasminogen and plasmin. tPA, factors XIa and XIIa and kallikrein all activate plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme similar to trypsin w...") Tag: Visual edit
13:28, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs (Created page with "== Physiology recap == === General information === Thrombosis is the pathological formation of a “haemostatic” plug within the vasculature in the absence of bleeding. We wish to prevent thrombosis as much as possible, to prevent embolism and ischaemia. A small refresher of haemostasis physiology may be helpful. Haemostasis is the process that causes bleeding to stop when blood vessels are damaged. The process involves three steps: # Vasoconstriction # Adhesion and...") Tag: Visual edit
13:12, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Drugs used to treat hyperlipoproteinemias (Created page with "== Biochemistry recap == === Lipoproteins === Lipoproteins carry lipids in the blood, mostly triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) and cholesterol. We have multiple types, VLDL, LDL, and HDL, where VLDL contains the most lipid and HDL contains the least. The liver uses VLDL and LDL to transport lipids to the extrahepatic tissues that need energy. HDL carries cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissues back to the liver. Tissues, including the liver, take up LDL us...") Tag: Visual edit
13:07, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Drugs that increase regional blood flow. Drug treatment of obesity (Created page with "== Introduction to drugs used to enhance regional blood flow == These drugs are used to enhance perfusion of organs, either because they require more perfusion or because their perfusion has been compromised by vasospasm or atherosclerosis. More precisely, these drugs are useful in peripheral artery disease-induced intermittent claudication, erectile dysfunction and Raynaud phenomenon. In cases where one artery is blocked by atherosclerotic regions, giving drugs to enha...") Tag: Visual edit
12:37, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Antihypertensive drugs (Created page with "== Hypertension == Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease. Its diagnosis should be based on repeated blood pressure measurements under calm conditions. * Mild hypertension – 140/90 to 159/99 mmHg * Moderate hypertension – 160/100 to 179/109 mmHg * Severe hypertension – >180/110 mmHg Hypertension may be secondary to a condition like Cushing’s or pheochromocytoma, but it’s most commonly primary. The blood pressure depends on the cardiac output...") Tag: Visual edit
12:36, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:2018 ESC-ESH treatment guideline of hypertension.png
12:36, 17 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:2018 ESC-ESH treatment guideline of hypertension.png
14:55, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Antianginal drugs (Created page with "== Introduction == As we saw in pathophysiology is increasing the coronary blood flow the only way for myocardium to receive more oxygen. Recall also that most of the coronary blood flow occurs during diastole. An increase in end-diastolic pressure would decrease coronary blood flow as the pressure would compress the coronary vessels. The coronary blood flow depends on the difference in pressure between the aorta and the coronary sinus, so we can it by increasing the ao...") Tag: Visual edit
14:53, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Drugs used to treat congestive heart failure (Created page with "== Introduction == Heart failure is the condition where the heart is unable to supply the body with enough cardiac output. The goal of drug therapy in heart failure is to improve the cardiac function and reduce the symptoms associated with heart failure, like oedema, tachycardia, dyspnoea and fatigue. This can be accomplished pharmacologically in several ways: * Decreasing preload * Decreasing afterload * Increasing inotropy (myocardial contractility) * Inhibiting exces...") Tag: Visual edit
14:50, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Antiarrhythmic drugs (Created page with "== Cardiac electrophysiology == We can divide the normal action potential into 5 phases: # Upstroke phase # Early-fast repolarization # Plateau # Repolarization # Diastole thumb|This shows the action potential of the ventricle. The phases are marked with numbers. These phases can be seen on the figure below. Note that this shows the depolarization of the ventricle. The cardiac pacemaker cells don’t have “normal” act...") Tag: Visual edit
14:48, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Action potential of pacemaker cell.png
14:48, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Action potential of pacemaker cell.png
14:48, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ventricle action potential phases.jpg
14:48, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventricle action potential phases.jpg
14:47, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Diuretic drugs (Created page with "Diuretics are drugs that promotes ''diuresis'', the rate of urine flow. This enhances the excretion of water from the person taking it, although the mechanism of action is different for the different types. Most types, except osmotic diuretics, act primarily by decreasing tubular reabsorption of Na+, which in turn decreases the reabsorption of Cl– and water. It’s important to keep in mind that this makes these drugs saluretics primarily (they primarily excrete NaCl)...") Tag: Visual edit
14:44, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (Created page with "== The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system == This system is better known as RAAS. It plays a central role in the control of Na+ excretion, sympathetic activity, fluid volume and vascular tone. Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney. It’s an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen produced by the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I doesn’t have any important biological activity, so it’s converted into angiotensin II by the enzyme ''angi...") Tag: Visual edit
14:42, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Calcium channel blockers (Created page with "== Calcium channels == Many types of calcium channels exist: voltage-gated (L, N, T and R types), ligand gated (IP3 receptor, ryanodine receptor) and store-operated types. However, only the voltage-gated L-type channels are important therapeutically. When we talk about calcium channel blockers we mean those drugs that inhibit the action of L-type calcium channels. L-type calcium channels are voltage-gated channels that are found on the cardiac pacemakers, smooth (vascul...") Tag: Visual edit
14:38, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Pharmacology of protein and peptide mediators, the purinergic system and nitric oxide (Created page with "''What’s important from this topic are the drugs (antiplatelets, organic nitrates, NK1 antagonist antiemetics, SST, ADH) and side effects (dry cough) related to the topic and some physiology of peptide synthesis.'' == Proteins and peptides == Proteins and peptides are used as signalling molecules in many systems in the body: * Nervous system (neuropeptides, like neuropeptide Y, serotonin, MSH, ACTH) * Endocrine system (like insulin, glucagon and somatostatin) * Immun...") Tag: Visual edit
14:36, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Purines.png
14:36, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Purines.png
14:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Kinin system.png
14:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Kinin system.png
14:34, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hormone synthesis from POMC.png
14:34, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hormone synthesis from POMC.png
14:01, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers and beta blockers) (Created page with "== Adrenergic receptors == Three types of alpha adrenergic receptors exist, α1A, α1B and α1D (a C type was discovered but it turned out to be the same as the A type). Each of these subtypes are found in different tissues and have slightly different effects. However, the subtypes are highly homologous, so there is significant overlap. α1A is mostly found in the bladder. α1B is mostly found in vasculature. == Phaeochromocytoma == Phaeochromocytoma is a cancer of the...") Tag: Visual edit
13:59, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Adrenergic receptor agonists (Created page with "== Overview of drugs == {| class="wikitable" !Catecholamines ! colspan="2" |Selective α-receptor agonists ! colspan="2" |Selective β-receptor agonists |- ! !α1 selective !α2 selective !Non-subtype selective !β2 selective |- |Dobutamine |Oxymetazoline |Clonidine |Ephedrine |Formoterol |- |Dopamine |Phenylephrine |Methyldopa | |Salbutamol/albuterol |- |Epinephrine |Xylometazoline |Dexmedetomidine | |Salmeterol |- |Isoprenaline | |Tizanidine | |Terbutaline |- |Norepine...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological effects of adrenergic agonists.png
13:58, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological effects of adrenergic agonists.png
13:57, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Agents acting on the biosynthesis, storage, release and elimination of catecholamines (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" !Drugs influencing catecholamine biosynthesis !Drugs influencing noradrenaline storage !Indirectly acting adrenergic drugs !Noradrenergic neuron blocking agents |- |Benserazide |Reserpine |Cocaine |Bretylium |- |Carbidopa |Tetrabenazine |Ephedrine |Guanadrel |- |Levodopa | |Amphetamine |Guanethidine |- |Methyldopa | |Tyramine | |- |Methyltyrosine | | | |} == Noradrenaline == File:Noradrenergic transmission.png|thumb|367x367px|Noradrenergic transmi...") Tag: Visual edit
13:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Noradrenaline synthesis and fates in synaptic cleft.png
13:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Noradrenaline synthesis and fates in synaptic cleft.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Synthesis of catecholamines.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Synthesis of catecholamines.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Noradrenergic transmission.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Noradrenergic transmission.png
13:52, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Neuromuscular blocking agents (Created page with "== Overview of drugs == {| class="wikitable" !Prejunctionally-acting agents !Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers !Depolarizing neuromuscular blockers !Drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blocking |- |Botulinum toxin |(Cis)atracurium |Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) |Sugammadex |- |Hemicholinium |Mivacurium | | |- |Triethylcholine |Pancuronium | | |- |Vesamicol |Rocuronium | | |- | |Tubocurarine | | |- | |Vecuronium | | |} Sometimes, we need to use drugs to paralyze s...") Tag: Visual edit
13:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Neuromuscular junction figure.png