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16:49, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve 2.png
16:49, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve 2.png
16:47, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 47. Disorders of alveolo-capillary diffusion. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (Created page with "Up until now have we talked about ventilation. Now let’s talk about diffusion. == Alveolo-capillary diffusion == Oxygen gets to the perialveolar capillaries by diffusion from the alveolar space, and carbon dioxide diffuses the opposite direction. Diffusion happens across the alveolo-capillary or diffusion membrane, which has the following layers: * Alveolar epithelial cell (type 1 pneumocyte) * Alveolar basement membrane * Interstitium * Capillary basement membrane *...") Tag: Visual edit
16:44, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 46. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (VQ). Causes and consequences (Created page with "== The V/Q ratio == Respiration is the most effective when gas exchange takes place in a well-ventilated alveolus while the capillary blood supply of the alveolus is good. We need a method to evaluate this, so we introduce two new symbols. V is the ''alveolar ventilation'', while Q is the ''perialveolar capillary blood perfusion''. They’re both measured in litres per minute. We often talk about the ratio between the two, the ventilation/perfusion ratio, or V/Q ratio....") Tag: Visual edit
16:42, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ventilation and perfusion in the different areas of the lung.png
16:42, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventilation and perfusion in the different areas of the lung.png
16:41, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 45. Acute and chronic alveolar hyperventilation (Created page with "There are some reasons someone might hyperventilate to cover physiological needs, like during exercise. This hyperventilation is compensatory due to increased CO2 production, and is necessary to keep the pCO2 levels normal. However, these cases are not ''alveolar'' hyperventilation. By definition, alveolar hyperventilation is when alveolar ventilation ''exceeds'' the need, being out of proportion to the pCO2 production. Clinically, we see this as arterial pCO2 below 36...") Tag: Visual edit
16:40, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 44. Alveolar hypoventilation. Causes and consequences. (Created page with "Alveolar ventilation is the gas exchange within the alveoli within a certain time, often 1 minute. The normal value of tidal volume is 500 mL. Of these 500 mL approx. 350 mL reach the alveoli while 150 mL fill the dead space. When we take deep breaths the ratio between alveoli ventilation and dead space ventilation increases. When we take shallow breaths the ratio decreases. Alveolar hypoventilation is when the alveolar ventilation is insufficient compared to the requir...") Tag: Visual edit
16:38, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 43. The work of breathing. Abnormalities of elastic resistance, restrictive disorders (Created page with "== Mechanics of breathing == The pressure in the pleural space, the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura is -4 cmH2O in rest. The intrapleural pressure is -10 cmH2O in the apex of the lung and -2.5 cmH2O in the base of the lung. In other words, the intrapleural pressure is higher at the level of the base than at the level of the apex. This is due to gravity pulling the air down to the base from the apex. To breathe in the thoracic cavity must exp...") Tag: Visual edit
16:38, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Work of breathing related to breathing frequency and volume.png
16:38, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Work of breathing related to breathing frequency and volume.png
16:36, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Laminar and turbulent flow.png
16:36, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Laminar and turbulent flow.png
16:36, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Elastic resistance in alveoli.png
16:36, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Elastic resistance in alveoli.png
16:34, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 42. Disorders of the control of breathing. Age-dependent changes. Sleep-apnea syndrome (Created page with "For respiration to be efficient must all these processes work correctly: * Ventilation * Diffusion of gases across the alveolo-capillary membrane * Transport of gases in the blood * Oxygen uptake of cells We’ll start by examining the regulation of these processes. == Regulation of respiration == Neurons that control the breathing muscles sit in the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata and pons. The respiratory centre receives inputs from chemoreceptors, mecha...") Tag: Visual edit
16:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Abnormal breathing patterns.png
16:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Abnormal breathing patterns.png
16:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cheyne-Stokes respiration.png
16:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cheyne-Stokes respiration.png
15:31, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 41. Principles and evaluation of respiratory function tests. Characteristics and parameters of abnormal breathing mechanics (Created page with "Respiratory function tests like the full-body plethysmography can be used to measure dynamic and static lung volumes and airflow rates. These tests can be used to diagnose pulmonary disorders and differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. In obstructive disorders the dynamic parameters are often abnormal. Decreased Tiffeneau index and problems exhaling are characteristic. In restrictive disorders the static parameters are often abnormal. Normal Ti...") Tag: Visual edit
15:30, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow-volume curve in intrathoracic airway obstruction.png
15:30, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow-volume curve in intrathoracic airway obstruction.png
15:29, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow-volume curve in extrathoracic airway obstruction.png
15:29, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow-volume curve in extrathoracic airway obstruction.png
15:29, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow-volume curve in obstructive disorders.png
15:29, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow-volume curve in obstructive disorders.png
15:27, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow-volume curve in restrictive disorder.png
15:27, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow-volume curve in restrictive disorder.png
15:26, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow-volume curve.png
15:26, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow-volume curve.png
15:26, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:FEV1 graph.jpg
15:26, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:FEV1 graph.jpg
15:25, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Static lung volumes.png
15:25, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Static lung volumes.png
15:17, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 40. Atrial or ventricular flutter, atrial or ventricular fibrillation (Created page with "== Atrial fibrillation == Atrial fibrillation (AF, Afib) is the most common supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. It always occurs in both atria at the same time. In Afib the atria contract rapidly but ineffectively and uncoordinatedly. There is no haemodynamically effective contraction and there is turbulence, which predisposes to thrombus formation. === Etiology === * Pressure or volume load of the atria ** Hypertension ** Left-sided heart failure ** Pulmonary embolism *...") Tag: Visual edit
15:07, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. ECG in acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterised by ischaemia and infarction of the myocardium. These pathological processes cause characteristic signs of the ECG that we can use to diagnose it (in addition to cardiac enzymes and symptoms). Most of these signs appear only in the leads that correspond to the where the myocardial infarction occurs. According to the location of the infarct, the following leads often show signs: {| class="wikitable" !Localization of infar...") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Primary and secondary repolarization abnormalities in the ECG (Created page with "On the ECG repolarization is characterised by the ST segment and T-wave. Any abnormality of cardiac repolarization will be seen on the ECG as abnormal ST segments or T-waves. Repolarization abnormalities can be primary or secondary in etiology. A repolarization abnormality is primary if the preceding depolarization (QRS complex) is normal and secondary if the QRS complex is abnormal. == Primary ST segment abnormalities == The J point is the point where the QRS complex...") Tag: Visual edit
14:43, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of ST depression.png
14:43, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of ST depression.png
14:42, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of ST elevation.jpg
14:42, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of ST elevation.jpg
10:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Signs of chronic or acute overload in the ECG (hypertrophy, strain) (Created page with "== Atrial hypertrophy == === Right atrial hypertrophy === The right atrium is rarely hypertrophic. Pressure or volume load almost always causes dilatation and not hypertrophy. ==== Etiology ==== thumb|237x237px|Pulmonary P wave * Pressure load on the atria ** Stenosis of the tricuspid or pulmonary valve ** COPD ** Chronic respiratory failure ** Right ventricular hypertrophy * Volume load on the atria ** Insufficiency of the tricuspid or pulmon...") Tag: Visual edit
10:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lewis-index.png
10:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lewis-index.png
10:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Sokolow-index.png
10:33, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Sokolow-index.png
10:32, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:LVH ECG changes 2.png
10:32, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:LVH ECG changes 2.png
10:32, 17 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:LVH ECG changes 1.png