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13:35, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Geriatrics (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:34, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Physiological reserves (Created page with "thumb|This model of physiological (or functional) reserve shows how the difference between the basal organ function and maximal organ function changes with age. Taken from Muravchik, Anesthesia 5th ed, 2000 Physiological reserve (or functional reserve) is a poorly-defined but important concept. It can be defined as "the potential capacity of a cell, tissue, or organ system to function beyond its basal level in response to alte...") Tag: Visual edit
13:15, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Clinical frailty scale.jpg
13:15, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Clinical frailty scale.jpg
13:06, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological reserve model age.png
13:06, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological reserve model age.png
08:14, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological reserve model.jpg
08:14, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological reserve model.jpg
14:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Delirium (Created page with "Delirium is a disturbed mental state caused by somatic illness characterised by lack of the attention and awareness of the environment, and disordered stream of thought. It is characterized by disorientation, confusion, amnesia, agitation, and hallucinations (most commonly visual). It usually worsens at night, and develops over a short period of time. Delirium mostly affects elderly (> 65 years), due to their reduced physiological reserves. It's a...") Tag: Visual edit
12:38, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hallucination (Created page with "<nowiki>#</nowiki>REDIRECT Hallucinations") Tag: Visual edit
12:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Hallucination (content was: "#REDIRECT https://new.greek.doctor/wiki/Psychosis#Hallucinations", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
12:35, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hallucination (Redirected page to Https://new.greek.doctor/wiki/Psychosis#Hallucinations) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
12:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Psychosis (Created page with "Psychosis is a condition characterised by the loss of contact with reality. This is problematic because the loss of contact with reality may cause the patient to harm themselves or others, either directly or indirectly. Psychosis can be seen in many psychiatric disorders, but it's a symptom of an underlying cause, and not a disorder in itself. In practice, psychosis manifests as delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorganisation. == Etiology == The most common caus...") Tag: Visual edit
10:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Causes of the congenital malformations (with examples!) (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is TORCH? * How does maternal hyperthermia affect the foetus? * How does ionizing radiation affect the foetus? * Name some medications which are teratogenic, and some examples of congenital malformations * How does maternal alcohol consumption affect the foetus? * How does maternal cigarette smoking affect the foetus? * What is the scandal surrounding thalidomide and congenital malformations? * Name some maternal diseases which increase...") Tag: Visual edit
10:27, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. The external appearance of the embryo and the fetus. The signs of maturity in newborn (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * At which point does the embryo become a foetus? * Which changes to the external appearence occurs during the third week? * Which changes to the external appearance occurs during the second month? * What is the crown-rump length? * What is the difference between gestational age and conceptional age? * When does birth usually occur? * How is the gestational age of a foetus determined? * How does the head develop in comparison to the body? * Whi...") Tag: Visual edit
10:26, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Malformations of the nervous system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are neural tube defects? * When do the neural folds close? * Which are the three most common neural tube defects? * How can most neural tube defects be prevented? * What is spina bifida? * What is spina bifida occulta? * What is meningocoele? * What is myelomeningocoele? * What is anencephaly? * What is encephalocoele? * What is holoprosencephaly, and what is the underlying cause? * What is microcephaly, and how does it relate to brain d...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Development of the endocrine glands. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the development of the pineal gland * Describe the development of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland * Describe the development of the thyroid gland * Describe the development of the parathyroid glands * Describe the development of the adrenal cortex * Describe the development of the adrenal medulla * What is craniopharyngioma, and where does it arise from? * What is a thyroglossal cyst? * Where can aberrant thyroid tissue be f...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Development of the acoustic and vestibular system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the otic placodes, and when do they arise? * Describe the formation of the otic vesicles (otocysts) * What are the two parts of the otic vesicles, and which structures will they give rise to? * Describe the formation of the cochlea and the components inside * Describe the formation of the semicircular canals == Development of the acoustic and vestibular systems == === Otic placodes === The otic placodes appear on each side of the r...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Semicircular canal formation.png
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Semicircular canal formation.png
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Development of the visual system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the formation of the optic vesicle and cup * What is the choroid fissure? * Describe the formation of the lens * What gives rise to the pigmented layer of the retina? * What gives rise to the neural layer of the retina? * Describe the formation of the iris * Describe the formation of the ciliary body * What gives rise to the choroid? * What gives rise to the sclera? * What gives rise to the cornea? * What gives rise to the vitreous b...") Tag: Visual edit
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Eyeball structure.png
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Eyeball structure.png
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lens vesicle and optic cup formation.jpg
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lens vesicle and optic cup formation.jpg
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. The placodes, the neural crest and their derivatives. Development of the peripheral nervous system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is a placode? * Name all placodes and their derivatives * What is the neural crest? * What structures and cells do neural crest cells give rise to? * Describe the development of the peripheral nervous system == The placodes == A placode is a thickening of ectoderm which develops into a sensory organ or ganglion. There are multiple placodes, all of which are paired. === Lens placode === The lens placodes, also called the optic placodes,...") Tag: Visual edit
10:21, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Development of the diencephalon and the telencephalon. Development of the commissural pathways and the fornix (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which primary vesicle does the diencephalon develop from? * Describe the structure of the diencephalon * What is the fluid-filled structure of the diencephalon? * What arises from the roof plate of the diencephalon? * What arises from the alar plates of the diencephalon? * Describe the development of the pituitary gland * Which primary vesicle does the telencephalon develop from? * Describe the structure of the telencephalon * What is the flu...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Development of the brainstem and the cerebellum (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the parts of the brainstem? * Which brain vesicles give rise to the brainstem? * Describe the development of the medulla oblongata * What arises from the basal plates of the myelencephalon? * What arises from the alar plates of the myelencephalon? * What arises from the basal plates of the metencephalon? * What arises from the alar plates of the metencephalon? * Describe the development of the midbrain/mesencephalon * What arises fro...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Medulla oblongata organization.png
10:19, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Medulla oblongata organization.png
10:18, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Neurulation. The structure of the neural tube. Development of the spinal cord (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What occurs during neurulation? * Describe the formation of the neural tube * What are the neuropores, and when do they close? * What are the primary and secondary brain vesicles? * What are the three flexures of the neural tube? * What is the rhombencephalic isthmus? * What tissue does the wall of the neural tube initially consist of? * Describe the structure of the neural tube in cross-section * What is the function of the roof and floor pl...") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Neural tube cross-section.png
10:18, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Neural tube cross-section.png
10:17, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Formation of the fetal membranes and the placenta. Fetal circulation (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the foetal membranes? * What is the amnion, and what is it derived from? * What is the chorion, and what is it derived from? * What is the fate of the chorionic cavity? * What are the parts of the placenta? * Which layers make up the basal plate? * What forms the cotyledons, and how many are there? * Which layers make up the chorionic plate? * What are the projections out of the chorionic plate, and what are their functions? * Descri...") Tag: Visual edit
10:16, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Development of the male genital organs. Malformations (Created page with "''This topic assumes that you know the development of the indifferent gonad and other genital organs, described in the previous topic.'' == Learning objectives == * Describe the formation of the rete testis, seminiferous tubules, and Sertoli cells * Which molecular factor is involved in the development of the testis? * Where do Leydig cells develop from, and which role do they play in the development of male genital organs? * What is the gubernaculum and which role doe...") Tag: Visual edit
10:15, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Development of the female genital organs. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the indifferent gonads? * Up until which week of development are the gonads of the different sexes indistinguishable? * Which gene is the major determinant of sex, and on which chromosome is it located? * Describe how the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the sex * At which point of development is the sex determined? * Describe the journey of the primordial germ cells from their origin to their target * What are the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:14, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Development of the kidney and the urinary tract. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which germ layers does the urinary system develop from? * What is the pronephros? * What is the mesonephros? * What is the mesonephric duct and what does it give rise to? * What is the metanephros, when does it arise, and when does it become functional? * Which embryonic structure gives rise to the collecting system of the metanephros? * Describe the formation of the collecting system of the permanent kidney * Which embryonic structure gives...") Tag: Visual edit
10:13, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Formation and derivatives of the heart tube. Partitioning of the cardiac chambers. Malformations (Created page with "''Fun fact: this topic took 211 minutes to write.'' == Learning objectives == * Describe the structure of the heart tube, and what arises from its different parts * What is the primary heart field? * What is the secondary heart field? * What is the origin of endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium? * What is the role of lateral folding in the development of the heart? * What is cardiac looping? * Describe the origin of the different parts of the atria * Describe the fo...") Tag: Visual edit
10:12, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Development of the respiratory system. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which structure buds out from the foregut and which tissues does it give rise to? * During which week does the respiratory diverticulum appear? * What separates the trachea from the oesophagus? * Where do the laryngeal muscles and cartilages originate from? * Describe the formation of the bronchial tree * Describe the origin of the pleura * What are the four periods of lung maturation? * What is the function of type II pneumocytes, and when d...") Tag: Visual edit
10:11, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. The intestinal tube and its derivatives (with the exception of the pharyngeal gut). Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the gut tube, and when is it formed? * What are the parts of the gut tube? * What are the derivatives of the foregut? * Which artery supplies the foregut? * Describe the formation of the oesophagus * Describe the formation of the stomach * Describe the formation of the liver * Describe the formation of the pancreas * What are the derivatives of the midgut? * Which artery supplies the midgut? * Describe the formation of the primary int...") Tag: Visual edit
10:10, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Differentiation and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches and clefts. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the pharyngeal pouches? * What are the pharyngeal clefts? * What are the derivatives of the first pharyngeal pouch? * What are the derivatives of the second pharyngeal pouch? * What are the derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch? * What are the derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal pouch? * What are the derivatives of the pharyngeal clefts? * What is a branchial fistula? * What is a lateral cervical cyst? == Pharyngeal pouches and...") Tag: Visual edit
10:09, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Differentiation of the pharyngeal arches. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the pharyngeal arches? * What are the derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch? * What are the derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch? * What are the derivatives of the third pharyngeal arch? * What are the derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal arch? * What are the derivatives of the sixth pharyngeal arch? * What are the first arch syndromes? == Pharyngeal arches == During the fourth week the ''pharyngeal apparatus'' develops. The...") Tag: Visual edit
10:08, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Development of the face, formation of the nasal and oral cavities. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are facial prominences? * In which week do the facial prominences appear? * What forms from the frontonasal prominence? * What forms from the nasal prominences? * What forms from the maxillary prominences? * What forms from the mandibular prominences? * How is the nasolacrimal duct formed? * Describe the development of the palate * What does the nasal septum develop from? * Describe the development of the paranasal sinuses * Describe the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:08, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Development of the blood vessels. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * From which embryonic tissue does blood and blood vessels develop from? * Where do the first blood cells of the foetus arise? * Where do the definitive blood cells originate from? * What is the first major haematopoietic organ in the foetus, and for how long does it remain as the major organ? * What is the definite major haematopoietic organ? * What are the two mechanisms by which blood vessels are formed? * What is vasculogenesis, and which m...") Tag: Visual edit
10:06, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Development of the skull. Growth of the bones. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * From which embryonic tissues do the various parts of the skeleton originate from? * What is mesenchyme? * Describe endochondral ossification * Which bones are formed by endochondral ossification? * Describe intramembranous ossification * Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification? * What are the parts of the skull? * From which embryonic tissues does the membranous neurocranium originate from? * What are the sutures and fontanelle...") Tag: Visual edit
10:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Differentiation of the mesoderm. Development of the serous membranes and the body cavities. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the three subtypes of mesoderm? * Which tissues arise from the paraxial mesoderm? * Which tissues arise from the intermediate mesoderm? * Which tissues arise from the lateral plate mesoderm? * What is the space between the parietal and visceral mesoderm called? * What is the septum transversum, and what is its function? * Which structures separates the pleural and pericardial cavities, and what will these structures give rise to? * W...") Tag: Visual edit
10:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:The different mesoderms and their derivatives.jpg
10:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:The different mesoderms and their derivatives.jpg
10:04, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Formation of the trilaminar germ disk and the folding (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What occurs during gastrulation? * When does gastrulation occur? * Describe the process of gastrulation * Which tissues arise from the ectoderm? * Which tissues arise from the endoderm? * What causes the embryonic disc to fold? * What occurs during craniocaudal folding? * What is the shape of the embryo after craniocaudal folding? * What occurs during lateral folding? * What is the shape of the embryo after lateral folding? * Which structures...") Tag: Visual edit
10:04, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Structure of villi.png