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10:04, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Structure of villi.png
10:02, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1,5. The second week of development (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the differentiation of the trophoblast * What is the amniotic cavity? * What occurs during the lacunar stage of the trophoblast? * What does the primitive yolk sac arise from? * Describe the establishment of the uteroplacental circulation * Where does the chorionic cavity arise? * Which structure will eventually give rise to the umbilical cord? * What occurs during the decidua reaction, and what is its purpose? * Describe the structu...") Tag: Visual edit
10:02, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Second week of embryology.jpg
10:02, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Second week of embryology.jpg
09:59, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. From the ovulation until the implantation (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * When does ovulation occur, and what event triggers it? * How does LH cause ovulation? * Where does fertilization most commonly occur? * What must happen to the sperm cell before it can fertilize the egg? * Describe the process of capacitation * Describe the acrosome reaction * Describe the zona reaction * What occurs after the spermatozoon has entered the oocyte? * What is cleavage? * When are the two-cell and four-cell stages reached? * What...") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 0. Oogenesis and the menstrual cycle (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the origin of the female gamete? * What is the origin of the primary oocyte, and what is its DNA content? * What is the origin of the secondary oocyte, and what is its DNA content? * What is the origin of the mature ovum, and what is its DNA content? * Describe the primordial follicle * Describe the primary follicle * Describe the antral follicle * Describe the graafian follicle * What is the zona pellucida, and what is its function?...") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Menstrual cycle.jpg
09:58, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Menstrual cycle.jpg
09:57, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:DNA amount change after replication.png
09:57, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:DNA amount change after replication.png
09:56, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Embryology (Created page with "These are the embryology topics belonging to the neuroanatomy course, but they cover most of the embryology for the histology courses as well. Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
09:53, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Senescence (Created page with "The average cell will proliferate and divide happily and without problem, however eventually the telomers on the end of the chromosomes will be so short that the cell cannot divide anymore without damaging the genome. At this point, the cell will enter a ''senescent'' (aged) state where they will no longer divide and eventually die. Not only telomer shortening can cause cells to become senescent. DNA damage, oxidative stress, oncogene activation or some other problem wi...") Tag: Visual edit
09:52, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:P53, p21, and senescence.png
09:52, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:P53, p21, and senescence.png
09:52, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Possible fates of a cell, senescence.png
09:52, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Possible fates of a cell, senescence.png
09:50, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. Allergic reaction (Created page with "''Main article: Allergy'' == Mast cells == The main mediators of allergic reactions are the mast cells, but basophils are also involved. They are activated when <abbr>IgE</abbr> bound to their surface FcεRI and this IgE subsequently binds to an antigen. This causes the activation of two protein tyrosine kinases in the cell, Lyn and Syk, which transmit the signal into the cell, causing the mast cell to release the molecules that mediates the allergic reaction. The mole...") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Lysosomes, peroxisomes (Created page with "== Lysosomes == The signal sequence of proteins targeted for the lysosomes is a mannose 6-phosphate attached to the protein. The enzyme that attaches mannose 6-phosphate to proteins is called ''N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase'' and is found in Golgi. The deficiency of this enzyme causes I-cell disease. == Peroxisomes == The peroxisomes have many functions. It’s involved in the metabolism of very long chain fatty acids and branched chained fatty acids. It p...") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Endoplasmatic reticulum (Created page with "== Functions of ER == ER contains the enzymes of many metabolic processes. ''G6Pase'' is found there, fatty acid elongation and desaturation, triglyceride synthesis, cholesterol and isoprenoid synthesis, <abbr>ACAT</abbr>, lipoprotein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis all take place in the ER. ER is involved in other things as well. The cytochrome P450 system is found in ER and is involved in the phase I. of biotransformation. Glucuronidation also takes place in the...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Cytoskeleton (Created page with "The cytoskeleton is important in determining the cell shape, protect against mechanical stress, move organelles around and many other things. Three types of filaments comprise the cytoskeleton, microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments. A protein called ''plectin'' binds all three types together to form the necessary 3d structure. == Microtubules == Microtubules in the neurons and CNS are stabilized by a protein called ''tau''. Tau can be phosphorylated at...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Biological membranes (Created page with "The cell membrane is comprised of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Lipids provide structure, proteins provide function while carbohydrates facilitate cell to cell communication. == Lipids == thumb|The role of PIP2 in the <abbr>PKC</abbr> pathway. The cell membrane is made up of two layers of lipids, each layer being called a leaflet. The layer in contact with the cytosol is the cytosolic leaflet while the layer in contact with the...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flippase, floppase, and scramblase.png
09:48, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flippase, floppase, and scramblase.png
09:47, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:PIP2 in the PKC pathway.png
09:47, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:PIP2 in the PKC pathway.png
09:47, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Matrix metalloproteinases (Created page with "Matrix metalloproteinases (<abbr>MMPs</abbr>) are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases. They degrade proteins of the extracellular matrix, hence the name. They’re involved in converting structural matrix proteins to signaling molecules, changing the structure of matrix proteins, initiate cell proliferation, induce cell survival, activate signaling molecules and, more importantly, in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and vasoconstriction. Many subtypes of MMP...") Tag: Visual edit
09:46, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Extracellular matrix (Created page with "I won’t go into details here, I’ll just try to mention what I think is important. You should know that ''adhesion'' means to glue or bind something together, so ''adhesion molecules'' are molecules that bind cells to other cells or to the <abbr>ECM</abbr>. == Binding cells to each other == Cells bind to each other by producing long proteins that attach to the cytoskeleton inside the cell and to similar long protein attached to other cells. This type of protein is ca...") Tag: Visual edit
09:44, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27-28. Oncogenes and tumor suppressors (Created page with "Cyclin and CDKs are the proteins that control the cell cycle, and they’re highly regulated so that the cell division doesn’t proceed unless everything is cool with the cell. However, when this control fails, the cell can divide uncontrollably, which is what results in cancer. This almost always caused by mutations in multiple genes that is essential for the cell cycle regulation. == Oncogenes == File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png|thumb|332x332px|This figure shows th...") Tag: Visual edit
09:43, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png
09:43, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png
09:42, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Cell cycle (Created page with "thumb|329x329px|The phases of the cell cycle Many different cell types divide constantly. However, it is very important for cells to know when to divide and when not to. If a cell divides while it is in an unhealthy condition, cancer can occur. Proper cell division requires that the cell performs many “checkpoints” during the replication cycle, to make sure everything is working correctly before proceeding. This replication cycle is called th...") Tag: Visual edit
09:41, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Proto-oncogene effect on cell cycle.png
09:41, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Proto-oncogene effect on cell cycle.png
09:40, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Growth factor influence on cell cycle.png
09:40, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Growth factor influence on cell cycle.png
09:39, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cyclin-CDK levels in cell cycle.png
09:39, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cyclin-CDK levels in cell cycle.png
09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Mechanism of cell death (Created page with "There are many ways for a cell to die, both programmed (intentionally) and accidental (unintentionally). The body may want to kill off cells in certain processes, for example in T-cell selection in the thymus, affinity maturation of B-cells in the secondary lymphoid organs or in the case of sick or infected cells. The three main ways of programmed cell death are apoptosis, autophagy and more recently discovered, necroptosis (not to be confused with necrosis). Apoptosis i...") Tag: Visual edit
09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Autophagy process.png
09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Autophagy process.png
09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Apoptosis pathways.png
09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Apoptosis pathways.png
09:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Apoptosis-related protein gene structure.png
09:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Apoptosis-related protein gene structure.png
09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Molecular mechanisms of joints and synovial function (Created page with "All joints are surrounded by a joint capsule, consisting of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is what produces the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cartilage and bones and maintains joint homeostasis. By keeping the cartilage healthy, the bones are prevented from directly touching each other and damaging themselves. The synovial membrane produces a proteoglycan called lubricin and a glycosaminoglycan called hyaluronan, t...") Tag: Visual edit
09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RANK-RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.jpg
09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RANK-RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.jpg
09:33, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Citrullination of proteins.png
09:33, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Citrullination of proteins.png
09:32, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Biochemistry of inflammation (Created page with "Inflammation can be caused by many things. Burns, chemical irritants, frostbite, toxins, physical injury or radiation, but the most commonly known cause is infection. The mechanism of inflammation involved vasodilation, edema, immigration of cells, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Many disorders are associated with inflammation, like asthma, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. There are many differences between acute and chronic inflammation. The most imp...") Tag: Visual edit