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- 09:46, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Extracellular matrix (Created page with "I won’t go into details here, I’ll just try to mention what I think is important. You should know that ''adhesion'' means to glue or bind something together, so ''adhesion molecules'' are molecules that bind cells to other cells or to the <abbr>ECM</abbr>. == Binding cells to each other == Cells bind to each other by producing long proteins that attach to the cytoskeleton inside the cell and to similar long protein attached to other cells. This type of protein is ca...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:44, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27-28. Oncogenes and tumor suppressors (Created page with "Cyclin and CDKs are the proteins that control the cell cycle, and they’re highly regulated so that the cell division doesn’t proceed unless everything is cool with the cell. However, when this control fails, the cell can divide uncontrollably, which is what results in cancer. This almost always caused by mutations in multiple genes that is essential for the cell cycle regulation. == Oncogenes == File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png|thumb|332x332px|This figure shows th...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:43, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png
- 09:43, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Normal and mutated ErbB.png
- 09:42, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Cell cycle (Created page with "thumb|329x329px|The phases of the cell cycle Many different cell types divide constantly. However, it is very important for cells to know when to divide and when not to. If a cell divides while it is in an unhealthy condition, cancer can occur. Proper cell division requires that the cell performs many “checkpoints” during the replication cycle, to make sure everything is working correctly before proceeding. This replication cycle is called th...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:41, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Proto-oncogene effect on cell cycle.png
- 09:41, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Proto-oncogene effect on cell cycle.png
- 09:40, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Growth factor influence on cell cycle.png
- 09:40, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Growth factor influence on cell cycle.png
- 09:39, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cyclin-CDK levels in cell cycle.png
- 09:39, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cyclin-CDK levels in cell cycle.png
- 09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Mechanism of cell death (Created page with "There are many ways for a cell to die, both programmed (intentionally) and accidental (unintentionally). The body may want to kill off cells in certain processes, for example in T-cell selection in the thymus, affinity maturation of B-cells in the secondary lymphoid organs or in the case of sick or infected cells. The three main ways of programmed cell death are apoptosis, autophagy and more recently discovered, necroptosis (not to be confused with necrosis). Apoptosis i...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Autophagy process.png
- 09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Autophagy process.png
- 09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Apoptosis pathways.png
- 09:37, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Apoptosis pathways.png
- 09:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Apoptosis-related protein gene structure.png
- 09:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Apoptosis-related protein gene structure.png
- 09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Molecular mechanisms of joints and synovial function (Created page with "All joints are surrounded by a joint capsule, consisting of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is what produces the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cartilage and bones and maintains joint homeostasis. By keeping the cartilage healthy, the bones are prevented from directly touching each other and damaging themselves. The synovial membrane produces a proteoglycan called lubricin and a glycosaminoglycan called hyaluronan, t...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RANK-RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.jpg
- 09:34, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RANK-RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.jpg
- 09:33, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Citrullination of proteins.png
- 09:33, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Citrullination of proteins.png
- 09:32, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Biochemistry of inflammation (Created page with "Inflammation can be caused by many things. Burns, chemical irritants, frostbite, toxins, physical injury or radiation, but the most commonly known cause is infection. The mechanism of inflammation involved vasodilation, edema, immigration of cells, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Many disorders are associated with inflammation, like asthma, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. There are many differences between acute and chronic inflammation. The most imp...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:29, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Oxidative stress induced signaling pathway (Created page with "Reactive oxygen species like OH°, O2°– and H2O2 are harmful to every cell in the body by increasing the oxidative stress in the cell. The presence of these molecules in a cell elicits a response by the cell. This response aims to reduce the number of these <abbr>ROS</abbr> by upregulating genes for antioxidant proteins that can neutralize the reactive molecules, or by inducing an inflammatory response. File:Reactive oxygen species signalling.png|thumb|344x344px|Thi...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Pathways activated by ROS.png
- 09:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Pathways activated by ROS.png
- 09:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nrf2 regulation by Keap1.png
- 09:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nrf2 regulation by Keap1.png
- 09:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Reactive oxygen species signalling.png
- 09:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Reactive oxygen species signalling.png
- 09:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Molecular mechanisms of glucose uptake (Created page with "== GLUT transporters == Glucose doesn’t freely diffuse across the cell membrane – it has to be transported into the cell with the help of transport proteins called glucose transporters (GLUT). These transporters transport glucose into cells by facilitated diffusion. There are many subtypes of GLUT transporters, but only five of them are important for us. The different subtypes have different properties. === GLUT1 === GLUT1 is found on almost every cell in the body....") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:15, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Molecular events associated with diabetes (Created page with "''I recommend you to read topic 21 before you read this.'' == Advanced glycation end-products == Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), are normal molecules which have reacted non-enzymatically with glucose to form dysfunctional molecules. This reaction is called a Maillard reaction. Any biological molecule can become an AGE, including proteins and lipids. Especially proteins, when reacting with glucose, lose their normal function which can cause a variety of adver...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:13, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. pH regulation (Created page with "The normal pH value of the blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Below it is acidosis, and above alkalosis. The pH range that is compatible with life however is 7.0 to 7.9. The stomach lumen has a pH of 1.5 to 2, while the mucosal lining of the stomach has pH 7. Lysosomes and endosomes in the cell are pH 5 while mitochondria are pH 8. [HCO3–] in the blood is normally 24 mM while pCO2 is 40 Hgmm. The pH buffer in the blood, comprised of HCO3– and dissolved CO2, constantly works to...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:12, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hepatocyte ammonia metabolism.png
- 09:12, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hepatocyte ammonia metabolism.png
- 09:11, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Nervous system III (Created page with "== Amyloids == ''Main article:'' ''Amyloids'' Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that have been folded into a special shape that allows the proteins to stick together to form fibrills. These amyloids are usually comprised of mostly β-sheets, so amyloids are sometimes called β-amyloids. File:Misfolded protein fibrils.png|thumb|346x346px|This figure shows how misfolded proteins can end up as fibrils. The arrows represent β-sheets. These sheets are very attracted...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:09, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Formation of Aβ plaques.png
- 09:09, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Formation of Aβ plaques.png
- 09:08, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Misfolded protein fibrils.png
- 09:08, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Misfolded protein fibrils.png
- 09:08, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Nervous system II (Created page with "== Ion channels == Ever wondered how ion channels can be specific for one ion? How can a Na+-channel not let K+ also pass through? Ion channels are a sort of “tube” in the cellular membrane. Because different ions have different sizes, it is obvious that ions which are too large for the tube cannot pass through. But what stops smaller ions from passing through? An energetical barrier does, not a physical barrier. When the “correct” ion passes through its ion ch...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:07, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Potassium channel phosphorylation by PKA.png
- 09:07, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Potassium channel phosphorylation by PKA.png
- 09:07, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Nervous system I (Created page with "== Brain metabolism == The neurons mainly use glucose as their energy source, but during starvation they can also use ketones. Neurons express GLUT3 which has a very high affinity for glucose, which gives neurons a very fast glucose uptake. Neurons need this energy because maintaining the membrane potential requires the use of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Glial cells express GLUT1, the “universal” glucose transporter, because they’re not as dependent on a fast glucose uptake...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:06, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine.png
- 09:06, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine.png
- 09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Biosynthesis of serotonin.png
- 09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Biosynthesis of serotonin.png
- 09:05, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Biosynthesis of acetylcholine.png
