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16:40, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC II structure.png
16:39, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC I presentation.png
16:39, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC I presentation.png
16:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC I structure.png
16:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC I structure.png
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Molecular components of the immune systems (Created page with "== Antibodies == An antibody or immunoglobulin is a molecule found in the body that binds to antigens on pathogens. It does this to make it easier for the body and immune cells to get rid of the pathogens. The specific ways the immunoglobulin do this is written in more detail in topic 13. The antibodies are the main component of the humoral (non-cellular) immune response, a part of the adaptive immune response. Antibodies are basically receptors; they are proteins that...") Tag: Visual edit
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T cell receptor.png
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T cell receptor.png
16:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CDR on antibody.png
16:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CDR on antibody.png
16:06, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immunoglobulin structure.png
16:06, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immunoglobulin structure.png
16:05, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antigen vs epitope.png
16:05, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antigen vs epitope.png
16:03, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Introduction to immunology (Created page with "== Antigen == An antigen is any molecule that can be recognized by special receptors on the T and B-cells or antibodies, and they induce either an immune response or immune tolerance. The last part is important, because an antigen isn’t just something foreign that triggers an immune attack. We mostly think of antigens as something that’s only found on pathogens like bacteria or viruses. However, every protein in your body is an antigen, but none of the proteins in yo...") Tag: Visual edit
16:01, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Basic Immunology lectures (Created page with "Category:Basic Immunology") Tag: Visual edit
16:00, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cytokines (Created page with "The cytokines and effects which are bolded are the most important. {| class="wikitable" !Cytokine !Produced by which cell? !Effects |- |<abbr>'''IL-1'''</abbr> |Macrophages |'''Inflammatory, acute phase reaction''' |- |'''IL-2''' |Th1 |'''Induce T-cell proliferation, activate CTL cells, induce Th ⇒ Treg,''' |- |IL-3 |Th2 |Myeloid lineage stimulator |- |'''IL-4''' |Th2, mast cells, NK cells, dendritic cells |'''Anti-inflammatory.''' Activate mast cells, induce isotype s...") Tag: Visual edit
15:59, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ELISA, ELISPOT, dot blot, Western Blot (Created page with "ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. It is a quantitative method, which means that it can be used to accurately determine the concentrations of the investigated molecule. It works similarly to immunohistochemistry, in that we use antibodies that are bound to an enzyme. This antibody binds to the antigen we want to investigate, and the enzyme will catalyse the conversion of a non-colorful chromogen to a colourful molecule. The light absorption can be measur...") Tag: Visual edit
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Flow cytometry (Created page with "Cytometry means the analysis of certain properties of cells, like the number of cells, their size, the presence of certain cell surface proteins on them or inside the cell and so on. This technique is called flow cytometry because it lets cells flow through a very small tube and uses this to analyse their properties. Let’s say we’d like to analyse the size of a bunch of cells in a Petri dish. We put these cells into a flow cytometer, which will direct the cells into...") Tag: Visual edit
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot 3.png
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot 3.png
15:57, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot 2.png
15:57, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot 2.png
15:56, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot.png
15:56, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot.png
15:55, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Immunohistochemistry, fluoresence microscopy (Created page with "== Immunohistochemistry == thumb|241x241px|This is IHC. Both slides are of a breast cancer. The upper cancer is positive for an antigen called HER2, while the lower cancer is negative for the same antigen. The treatments will therefore be different. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) uses the antigen-antibody interaction to detect a specific antigen in a tissue. We add an antibody that has an enzyme attached to it to the tissue. We also...") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Fluorescent microscopy.jpg
15:54, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Fluorescent microscopy.jpg
15:48, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immunohistochemistry example.png
15:48, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immunohistochemistry example.png
15:47, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cell surface markers (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" !Cell type !Surface markers |- |Langerhans cell |CD1, CD23, CD45 |- |Dendritic cell |CD1, <abbr>'''CD4'''</abbr>, CD45, '''<abbr>CD80</abbr> (B7), <abbr>CD86</abbr> (B7)''' |- |T-cell |<abbr>'''CD3'''</abbr>, CD5, CD28, CD45, CD62L |- |Helper T-cell |'''CD4''' + T-cell markers |- |Cytotoxic T-cell |<abbr>'''CD8'''</abbr> + T-cell markers |- |Regulatory T-cell |'''CD4, CD25''' + T-cell markers |- |Activated T-cell |'''CD25, CD152 (CTLA-4), CD154 (CD40...") Tag: Visual edit
15:46, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Basic Immunology help material (Created page with "Category:Basic Immunology") Tag: Visual edit
15:45, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Basic Immunology (Created page with "Category:2nd year") Tag: Visual edit
15:36, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Vitamins (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the biological function of vitamin B1? * What is the biological function of vitamin B2? * What is the biological function of vitamin B3? * What is the biological function of vitamin B5? * What is the biological function of vitamin B6? * What is the biological function of vitamin B7? * What is the biological function of vitamin B9? * What is the biological function of vitamin B12? * What is the biological function of vitamin C? * What...") Tag: Visual edit
15:35, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. NO and CO as signal molecules (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why do gaseous hormones not require a cell surface receptor? * Describe the half-life of NO * Which enzyme synthesises NO? * Describe the functions and differences of the various types of NOS * Describe the pathway of NO as a vasodilator * Describe the breakdown of cGMP * Which enzyme synthesises CO? * Describe the mechanism of toxicity of CO == Nitric oxide == Nitric oxide, or NO, is a colourless gas that is toxic in high doses. In physiolo...") Tag: Visual edit
15:34, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Insulin (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the purpose of insulin? * Describe the synthesis of insulin * Describe the process by which insulin is released in response to high blood glucose * Which biochemical processes are simulated by insulin? * Which biochemical processes are inhibited by insulin? * Describe the mechanism by which insulin inhibits the transcription of two gluconeogenetic enzymes * Describe the mechanism by which insulin stimulates ''glycogen synthase'' * Des...") Tag: Visual edit
15:31, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Insulin release.png
15:31, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Insulin release.png
15:31, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Epinephrine and glucagon (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the purpose of glucagon, and where is it synthesised? * In which physiological state is glucagon released? * Describe the synthesis of epinephrine * In which physiological state is epinephrine released? * Glucagon and epinephrine act by which signalling pathway? * Describe the <abbr>PKA</abbr> pathway from hormone-receptor binding to the activation of PKA * What are the differences in the biochemical actions of glucagon and epinephrin...") Tag: Visual edit
15:29, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Cell signalling, receptors and kinases (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the types of cell surface receptors? * Name two G-protein coupled receptors which are important in biochemistry * What is the function of the three different G proteins? * Name the receptor tyrosine kinase which is important in biochemistry * Name the two types of receptor guanylyl cyclase * Name a hormone whose receptor is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase * Describe the signalling pathway of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases * What is the p...") Tag: Visual edit
15:28, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Scaffold protein.png
15:28, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Scaffold protein.png
15:26, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:AMPK summary.png
15:26, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:AMPK summary.png
15:25, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hormone amplification.png
15:25, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hormone amplification.png
15:24, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Hormones (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which are the most important peptide hormones in biochemistry? * Describe the structure of peptide hormones * What are catecholamines, and where are they synthesised? * Describe the synthesis of catecholamines * What are eicosanoids? * How are eicosanoids synthesised? * Which drugs act on eicosanoid synthesis? * What are steroid hormones? * Describe the synthesis of steroid hormones * Describe the receptors steroid hormones act on * What is t...") Tag: Visual edit
15:23, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hormone summary.png
15:23, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hormone summary.png
15:22, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial genome (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the structure of the mitochondrial genome * Does the mitochondrial genome encode all mitochondrial proteins? * How is mitochondrial DNA inherited? * Describe the replication of mtDNA * Describe the transcription of mtDNA == Mitochondria == Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, but it also has other functions. It’s involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis), heat production, and anabolic processes in addition to its classi...") Tag: Visual edit