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• 15:21, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Regulation of gene expression (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the different gene “categories” * What are promoters? * What is the common structure of promoters? * What are repressors? * What are activators? * Describe the DNA-protein binding domains * What DNA-protein binding domain is found in HIF-1α? * Describe the function of the lac operon * Describe the SOS response in bacteria * Describe in trans regulation of mRNA * Describe in cis regulation of mRNA * What are the differences in ge...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Epigenetic regulation.png
• 15:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Epigenetic regulation.png
• 15:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Enhancers, operators.png
• 15:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Enhancers, operators.png
• 15:19, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Gene structure.png
• 15:19, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Gene structure.png
• 15:18, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Intracellular proteolysis (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which factors influence the rate of degradation? * How are intracellular proteins degraded in eukaryotes? * How are endocytosed proteins degraded? == Intracellular protein degradation == Proteins in the cell are broken down constantly. To not waste resources, they should be recycled as much as possible. The rate at which proteins are degraded varies greatly. ''Ornithine decarboxylase'' for example has a half-life of only 11 minutes. A prote...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:18, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ubiquitination.png
• 15:18, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ubiquitination.png
• 15:17, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Protein targeting and vesicular transport of proteins (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * How are proteins targeted for the various organelles? * Describe protein targeting to ER * Describe protein targeting to the nucleus * Describe protein targeting to the mitochondria * Describe protein targeting to the peroxisomes * Describe protein targeting to the lysosomes * Describe protein targeting of transmembrane proteins * What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? * Describe clathrin-mediated endocytosis == Protein targeting == Proteins...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:17, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of transmembrane proteins.png
• 15:17, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of transmembrane proteins.png
• 15:16, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Transmembrane protein signal sequences.png
• 15:16, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Transmembrane protein signal sequences.png
• 15:15, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Protein folding, chaperones (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the four levels of protein structure? * Why is protein folding a spontaneous process? * What are chaperones? * What are heat shock proteins? * What is the GroEL/GroES complex? * What are nucleoplasmins? * Which enzymes are involved in protein folding? * How is cystic fibrosis related to protein folding? == Protein structure == Proteins are synthesized as one-dimensional polypeptide chains, but end up as three-dimensional. This proce...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:15, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Protein folding thermodynamics.png
• 15:15, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Protein folding thermodynamics.png
• 15:14, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Protein synthesis 2. Regulation, posttranslational modifications (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why should protein synthesis be strictly regulated? * Why is eIF2 a good target for regulation? * Which factors regulate the activity of eIF2? * How do RBCs utilize eIF2 regulation? * How do virally infected cells utilize eIF2 regulation? * Why is eIF4E a good target for regulation? * Which factors regulate the activity of eIF4E? * How does insulin regulate protein synthesis? * What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides like streptomy...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:13, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Activation of insulin.png
• 15:13, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Activation of insulin.png
• 15:12, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Protein synthesis 1. Participants and mechanism (Created page with "== Summary == * Describe the genetic code * What are the functions of the different parts of tRNA? * What is wobble and how does it work * What is the function of ''aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase''? * Which factors contribute to the high accuracy of protein synthesis? * What is the “second genetic code”? * Describe the structure and types of ribosomes * In which direction is the polypeptide chain synthesized? * What are the five steps of protein synthesis? * Which steps...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:12, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Wobble2.png
• 15:12, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Wobble2.png
• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Wobbling.png
• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Wobbling.png
• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:TRNA structure.png
• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:TRNA structure.png
• 15:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Point mutations.png
• 15:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Point mutations.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Genetic code.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Genetic code.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Retroviruses (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are retroviruses? * What does ''reverse transcriptase'' use as its primer? * What is the function of ''RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?'' * What are transposons? * What are telomeres? * What is the function of ''telomerase'' and what is its template? == Retroviruses == thumb|200x200px|I threw in this picture for good measure. Retroviruses are RNA viruses which use an enzyme called ''reverse transcriptase'...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Reverse transcription.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Reverse transcription.png
• 15:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Small RNAs (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are small RNAs? * Describe the miRNA, siRNA, and the RNA interference pathway * Describe saRNA * Describe snRNA * Describe snoRNA * Describe piRNA * Describe tmRNA There are many other types of RNA than the three big ones. So-called ''small RNAs'' are RNAs < 200 nucleotides in length. They have very different lengths and functions, but many are involved in ''RNA silencing'', the inhibition of transcription. Some small RNAs are double-st...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. RNA metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the differences between RNA and DNA? * Which shapes can RNA take on? * Which are the three most important types of RNA, and what are their functions? * What are the similarities and differences between ''DNA'' and ''RNA polymerase''? * What is the function of the sigma factor of prokaryotic ''RNA polymerase''? * Describe rho-dependent termination * Describe rho-independent termination * What is the mechanism of action of actinomycin...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:TRNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:TRNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA processing.png
• 13:35, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA transcript.png
• 13:35, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA transcript.png
• 13:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA shapes.png
• 13:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA shapes.png
• 13:29, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. DNA repair (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the different types of DNA damage? * Which proteins are involved in nucleotide-excision repair? * Which proteins are involved in base-excision repair? * Which proteins are involved in direct repair? * Which proteins are involved in mismatch repair? * Describe nonhomologous end joining * Describe homologous recombination * Describe the parthanatos pathway == DNA damage == File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png|thumb|313x313px|...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Direct DNA repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Direct DNA repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Methyl-directed mismatch repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Methyl-directed mismatch repair.png