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• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Base-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Base-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nucleotide-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nucleotide-excision repair.png
• 13:26, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Depurination.png
• 13:26, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Depurination.png
• 13:25, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png
• 13:25, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. DNA replication (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * In which direction is DNA synthesised? * How many replication forks are present in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? * Which proteins are involved in the initiation of DNA replication, and what are their functions? * Which proteins are involved in the elongation of DNA replication, and what are their functions? * What is the function of the RNA primer? * Which non-protein molecules are needed for DNA elongation? * What are the differences betwee...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Okazaki fragments.png
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Okazaki fragments.png
• 13:23, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:DNA replication.png
• 13:23, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:DNA replication.png
• 13:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Genes and chromosomes (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the central dogma of molecular biology? * Describe the organisation of DNA * Describe the composition of the human genome == DNA == The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains instructions for making a protein. These instructions are copied by RNA, which is used to make protein. In short, DNA -> RNA -> protein. Forming a peptide bond between 2 amino acids requires only 21 kJ/mol and a few enzymes. However, format...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Nucleotide synthesis and degradation (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are nucleotides? * Which pyrimidine bases exist? * Which purine bases exist? * Which molecules are necessary for de novo synthesis of purines? * What are the steps of de novo synthesis of purines? * Which molecules are necessary for de novo synthesis of pyrimidines? * What are the steps of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines? * What are the differences between CPS1 and CPS2? * Describe the salvage pathway. * Describe the degeneration of pur...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nucleotides.png
• 13:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nucleotides.png
• 13:16, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Synthesis of biologically active molecules from amino acids (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which proteins contain porphyrins? * Which substrates are required for porphyrin synthesis? * What are porphyrias? * Which porphyria is most common? * How is heme degraded? * What is the function of creatine? * Which substrates are required for creatine synthesis? * Which substrates are required for glutathione synthesis? * Describe the synthesis of catecholamines * Describe the synthesis of GABA * Describe the synthesis of serotonin * Descri...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:15, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Enzymopathies of amino acid metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why is ammonia toxic to the brain? * Which enzyme is defect in the diseases mentioned? == Hyperammonaemia == As outlined before, too much ammonia is very bad. It can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, so it is toxic to the brain. If the brain contains too much ammonia, it will try to get rid of it in two ways. The first is by the ''glutamate dehydrogenase'' reaction, which converts α-ketoglutarate and ammonium to glutamate. However, thi...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What does it mean that an amino acid is non-essential? * What does it mean that an amino acid is conditionally essential? * What does it mean that an amino acid is essential? * Which amino acids are non-essential? * Which amino acids are conditionally essential? * Which amino acids are essential? * Which types of biochemical reactions are important in synthesis of amino acids? * How is the synthesis of amino acids regulated? == Essential and...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:The synthesis of the non-essential amino acids..png
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:The synthesis of the non-essential amino acids..png
• 13:11, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Amino acid metabolism; the fate of the carbon skeleton (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What does it mean that an amino acid is ketogenic? * What does it mean that an amino acid is glucogenic? * Which amino acids are purely ketogenic? * Which amino acids are purely glucogenic? * Which amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic? * What is the function of biotin as a cofactor? * What is the function of THF as a cofactor? * What is the function of AdoMet as a cofactor? * Where are most amino acids metabolised? * Where are branch...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:10, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.png
• 13:10, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.png
• 13:09, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Urea cycle and ammonium metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why must ammonium be excreted? * How is ammonium excreted in humans? * What are the sources of ammonium? * Describe the urea cycle * Which is the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle? * How is the urea cycle regulated? * What is the aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt? == Excretion of ammonium == Ammonium is toxic, especially to the brain, and so it should be excreted. In humans ammonium is excreted in the form of urea. Urea is water-soluble a...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:09, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt.png
• 13:09, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt.png
• 13:08, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Amino acid metabolism; the fate of the amino group (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the body’s sources of amino acids? * What are the two steps of amino acid metabolism? * Which amino acids are mostly degraded elsewhere than in the liver? * What is an aminotransferase reaction? * Which aminotransferase reactions are important? * What is the function of PLP as a co-enzyme? * What are the fates of the amino group? * How is most ammonium removed from peripheral tissues? * What is the alanine cycle? == Metabolism of...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:07, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:ASAT and ALAT.png
• 13:07, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:ASAT and ALAT.png
• 13:07, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Regulation and disorders of lipid metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * How does fatty acid synthesis inhibit beta oxidation? * Which factors inhibit fatty acid synthesis? * Which factors stimulate fatty acid synthesis? * What are PPARs, and which types exist? * What activates PPARs in the body? * Which metabolic processes are controlled by the different types of PPAR? * How is ketone body synthesis regulated? * What causes familial hypercholesterolaemia? * What are statins? == Regulation of fatty acid synthesis...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:06, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cholesterol synthesis regulation.png
• 13:06, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cholesterol synthesis regulation.png
• 13:05, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:ACC regulation.png
• 13:05, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:ACC regulation.png
• 13:03, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Synthesis of cholesterol and ketone bodies (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the functions of cholesterol? * Describe the biosynthesis of cholesterol * Which enzymes in cholesterol synthesis are head-to-head reactions, and which are head-to-tail reactions? * Describe the function of the different lipoproteins * Why are ketone bodies needed? * Why does the liver have two forms of ''HMG-CoA synthase''? * Describe the biosynthesis of ketone bodies * Describe the degradation of ketone bodies == Cholesterol == Ch...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:02, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ketone bodies relationship.png
• 13:02, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ketone bodies relationship.png
• 13:02, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lipoprotein transport.png
• 13:02, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lipoprotein transport.png
• 13:01, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:HMG-CoA fates.png
• 13:01, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:HMG-CoA fates.png
• 13:00, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Structure and biological activities of steroids (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What are steroids? * What is the structure of steroids? * What are bile acids? * What are the functions of bile acids? * Which organs are involved in vitamin D synthesis? === General === thumb|''The typical steroid structure, with the numbering of the carbon atoms. From wikipedia'' Steroids are a type of organic molecule with a specific steroid structure. The steroid core is composed of seventeen carbon atoms...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:59, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Steroid structure.png
• 12:59, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Steroid structure.png
• 12:58, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Synthesis of complex lipids (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * What is the structure of complex lipids? * What is the function of complex lipids? * What are phospholipids? * What are sphingolipids? * What are the four steps of complex lipid synthesis? * What is the function of ''phospholipases''? * What is arachidonic acid, and what is its significance? === General === Storage lipids (triacylglycerols) are comprised of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids which are bound to the glycerol by ester...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:57, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Phospholipases.png
• 12:57, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Phospholipases.png
• 12:44, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Fatty acid synthesis (with elongation and desaturation) (Created page with "=== Learning objectives === * Where does fatty acid synthesis take place? * What are the limitations of fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol of human cells? * What are the limitations of fatty acid synthesis of human cells overall? * How are odd-chained fatty acids produced? * Which substrates and how much of each are required for synthesis of one molecule of palmitate? * How is acetyl-CoA transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol? * Describe one cycle of ''fatty...") Tag: Visual edit