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08:08, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:QTc.png
08:08, 5 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:QTc.png
15:25, 3 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. The sequence of events in the cardiac cycle (Created page with "== The structure of the heart == The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles. We can divide the heart into two units, one left unit and one right unit, each unit consisting of one atrium and one ventricle. Venous blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae. Blood is pumped from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the...") Tag: Visual edit
15:24, 3 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Wiggers diagram.png
15:24, 3 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Wiggers diagram.png
14:29, 3 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Cardiology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:29, 3 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pages by POTE course (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
20:34, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Generators and conductors of impulses in the heart. Refractory periods (Created page with "The heart has a special system that allows it to be excited rhythmically and repetitively. There are two components to this system: # Pacemaker generators that generate regular and rhythmical electrical impulses which initiate rhythmical contraction of the heart muscle # A conduction system which conducts these impulses rapidly throughout the heart in a coordinated fashion When this system functions normally the atria contract one sixth of a second before the ventricle...") Tag: Visual edit
20:31, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Refractory periods of ventricular muscle.png
20:31, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Refractory periods of ventricular muscle.png
20:30, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:The all-or-none law.png
20:30, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:The all-or-none law.png
20:29, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ventricular muscle action potential.png
20:29, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventricular muscle action potential.png
20:28, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Heart conduction cycle gif.gif
20:28, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Heart conduction cycle gif.gif
20:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cardiac conduction system only.png
20:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cardiac conduction system only.png
20:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cardiac conduction system.png
20:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cardiac conduction system.png
20:20, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:SA node action potential.jpg
20:20, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:SA node action potential.jpg
20:14, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. A-B-0 blood groups. The Rh blood types (Created page with "== Cell antigens == All cells have many proteins on the outside of their cell membranes. We say that the cells ''express'' these proteins. Different cells express different proteins, which allows them to interact with other cells and the environment differently. All proteins are also ''antigens''. An antigen is a molecule which the immune system can recognize. When a person is infected with a bacterium for example, the immune cells will recognize the antigens (proteins)...") Tag: Visual edit
20:05, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Regulation of H+ ion concentration in the blood (Created page with "''[H+] means the concentration of H+ ions. The brackets mean “concentration”.'' == pH == The pH of a solution depends on the solution’s concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). The higher the concentration of H+ ions, the lower the pH and vice versa. The pH of a solution is determined by the following formula: pH = -log(concentration of H+) or pH = -log([H+]). If we know the pH we can calculate the H+ concentration by this formula: [H+] = 10-pH pH is a logarithmic...") Tag: Visual edit
20:03, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:PH formula.png
20:03, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:PH formula.png
19:58, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:PH ranges.png
19:58, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:PH ranges.png
19:56, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Describe the two pathways involved in the initiation of blood coagulation (Created page with "== Haemostasis == Haemostasis is the body’s response to stop bleedings after endothelial damage. It consists of three steps: * Primary haemostasis ** Local vasoconstriction ** Platelet plug formation * Secondary haemostasis ** Clot formation * Fibrinolysis ** Dissolving the blood clot === Coagulation factors === Most of the components involved in haemostasis are found in the blood. The first are the platelets. The second are the coagulation factors. The coagulation f...") Tag: Visual edit
19:34, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Coagulation cascade.png
19:34, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Coagulation cascade.png
19:30, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. The basic structure and metabolism of haemoglobin and the metabolism of iron (Created page with "== Haemoglobin == The red colour of RBCs comes from the fact that they contain a lot of haemoglobin (Hb). In fact, haemoglobin accounts for 95% of all proteins inside a red blood cell. The function of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen in the blood. 1 gram of Hb can bind 1.39 mL of O2 gas. 99,7% of oxygen in the blood is transported via haemoglobin; only 0,3% of oxygen is dissolved in the blood. There is a lot of haemoglobin in each RBC, so that 35% of the RBCs size comes...") Tag: Visual edit
19:30, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Iron metabolism.png
19:30, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Iron metabolism.png
19:29, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ferritin structure.jpg
19:29, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ferritin structure.jpg
19:27, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Origin and function of blood platelets (Created page with "== Thrombocytes == Thrombocytes, also called platelets, are a component of blood whose function is to clump together to form a ''platelet plug'' stop bleeding. They have a lifetime of 8 – 12 days in the plasma. The normal number of platelets is 150 000 – 400 000/µL. They are 1 – 3 µm in size. Platelets that have been in the plasma for longer than 12 days are removed from the circulation by the spleen. If there is a problem with the spleen will the elimination of...") Tag: Visual edit
19:25, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Characterize the various leukocytes indicating their origins and functions (Created page with "== White blood cells == White blood cells (WBCs) are the cells which combat infections. They are a major part of the immune system. Recall the number and types of WBCs: {| class="wikitable" |'''Cell type''' |'''Number''' |- |White blood cell (WBC) |4 000 – 11 000/µL |- |'''N'''eutrophils |60% of all WBCs |- |'''L'''ymphocytes |35% of all WBCs |- |'''M'''onocytes |5% of all WBCs |- |'''E'''osinophils |3% of all WBCs |- |'''B'''asophils |0-1% of all WBCs |} A good way t...") Tag: Visual edit
19:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Price-Jones curve.png
19:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Price-Jones curve.png
19:23, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. The structure, function and origin of erythrocytes (Created page with "== Red blood cells == thumb|Structure of red blood cells RBCs are small cells in the blood. They’re red, which is why the blood is red as well. RBCs are 7 – 8 µm in diameter, and they have a ''biconcave disc'' shape, which is difficult to explain but easier to show. The shape is important because it allows the cells to be flexible. The RBCs must squeeze through very small vessels called capillaries, which may be around 5 – 10 µm in dia...") Tag: Visual edit
19:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RBC structure.png
19:21, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RBC structure.png
19:20, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Describe the intra- and extracellular ionic components and explain their physiological functions (Created page with "You should know the normal values for ions and proteins in the plasma. You don’t need to know the values for the intracellular space, except for K+ and Na+. {| class="wikitable" |'''Ion''' |'''Normal value in plasma (in mM)''' |'''Normal value in intracellular space (in mM)''' |- |Na+ |136 – 146 |14 – 19 |- |K+ |3.4 – 5.2 |150 |- |Ca2+ |2.3 – 2.7 |10-7 – 10-4 |- |Mg2+ |0.8 – 1.2 |4 – 40 |- |Cl– |96 – 111 |3 – 78 |- |HCO3– |21 – 28 |7 – 18 |- |...") Tag: Visual edit
19:19, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Multiple myeloma serum protein electrophoresis.gif
19:19, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Multiple myeloma serum protein electrophoresis.gif
19:18, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Serum protein electrophoresis.png
19:18, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Serum protein electrophoresis.png
19:17, 13 December 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Describe the major plasma proteins and the other non-electrolytic constituents of blood and explain their function in the body (Created page with "== Plasma == The plasma is the cell-free part of blood. The plasma accounts for only 55% of the total blood volume, approximately 3000 mL. It’s a pale, yellow, sticky liquid. It’s 90% water and contains: * Inorganic components ** Ions, like Na+, K+, Cl–, Ca2+, bicarbonate (HCO3–) ** Gases like O2 and CO2 * Organic components ** Proteins *** Albumin *** Globulins *** Fibrinogen ** Lipids ** Carbohydrates *** Glucose ** Amino acids ** Nitrogen compounds *** Urea *...") Tag: Visual edit
21:25, 30 November 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Describe the body fluid compartments and explain the methods used for measurement of body fluid volumes (Created page with "== Blood == The volume of the plasma is around 3 litres in an average person, but the average blood volume is 4-6 litres. That’s because the blood contains many cells and proteins that contribute to the blood volume. If a person has too little blood volume, he has ''hypovolaemia'', and if he has too much he has ''hypervolaemia''. The blood has many functions: * Transports important molecules to and from cells ** Nutrients to cells ** Oxygen to cells ** Waste products...") Tag: Visual edit