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21:13, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 41. Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of cancers in the last decades (Created page with "Analysing cancers on a population level is important. It was epidemiology that made us realize that smoking causes lung cancer. Comparing habits between different populations and the cancer rates of the different populations can tell us a lot about which habits that are risk factors for which cancers. Epidemiologist can evaluate the role of race, culture and environment’s role in developing cancer. We must differentiate between cancer incidence and cancer mortality. C...") Tag: Visual edit
21:11, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 40. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases. (Created page with "== Characteristics of benign and malignant tumours == Benign and malignant tumors are different in four important aspects. They’re best summed up in a table: {| class="wikitable" !Characteristic !Benign tumors !Malignant tumors |- |Differentiation/anaplasia |Well differentiated. Cells resemble normal cells. |Variable differentiation, from well-differentiated to undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells. |- |Rate of growth |Slow and progressive. Mitotic figures are rare and n...") Tag: Visual edit
21:11, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Difference between benign and malignant tumour..png
21:11, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Difference between benign and malignant tumour..png
21:08, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma (Created page with "== Metaplasia == Metaplasia is the replacement of one healthy cell type to another (but still healthy) cell type which is not usually characteristic for the actual site. This usually occurs in response to some environmental change, and the new cell type is more suited to handle that change. The following examples should be known: * Barrett metaplasia is a special type of metaplasia in the oesophagus where the normal stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium in the...") Tag: Visual edit
21:08, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Anaplastic brain carcinoma pleiomorphism.png
21:08, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Anaplastic brain carcinoma pleiomorphism.png
21:07, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Mitosis in CIN III.png
21:07, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Mitosis in CIN III.png
21:07, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cervical dysplasia.jpg
21:07, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cervical dysplasia.jpg
21:04, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms (Created page with "When talking about cancer, it’s important to have our nomenclature in order. A neoplasm is any abnormal mass of tissue that grows “outside” and uncoordinatedly with that of the normal tissue. The word literally means “new growth” in Greek. All cancers are neoplasms. Neoplasms don’t increase in size due to their local environment; they’re autonomic. They don’t care. The word tumor was originally used for any swelling, however nowadays it’s used to indi...") Tag: Visual edit
20:59, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 37. AIDS. Transplantation immunity (Created page with "== AIDS – Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome == AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Its characterized by infection and depletion of <abbr>CD4</abbr>+ T-cells, and by severe immunosuppression which can lead to opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms and neurologic manifestations that wouldn’t have happened in a healthy person. === Epidemiology === There are about 33 million people living with HIV worldwide, and the maj...") Tag: Visual edit
20:57, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 36. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) (Created page with "Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease where virtually any organ in the body can be affected. It’s very clinically unpredictable, is relapsing and can have an acute onset or it can start slowly. It most commonly affects the skin, kidneys, serous membranes, joints and the heart. The incidence of <abbr>SLE</abbr> varies considerably between groups. The most frequently affected group are black female Americans, where 1 in every 250 is affected. Females are...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Butterfly rash in SLE.jpg
20:56, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Butterfly rash in SLE.jpg
20:56, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lupus nephritis.png
20:56, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lupus nephritis.png
20:55, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 35. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders (Created page with "Autoimmune reactivity is in the background of many diseases, where the body reacts to proteins that should normally be present in the body, so-called self-antigens. Autoimmune diseases affect 2-5% of the developed country population and is increasing in incidence. These diseases vary in their extent, i.e. whether they affect many organs or cell types to cause systemic symptoms or just local symptoms. Which part of the immune system of the 95% of the population is it tha...") Tag: Visual edit
20:53, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 34. Type III. and type IV. hypersensitivity reactions, related disorders (Created page with "== Type III hypersensitivity == thumb|Immune complexes This type of hypersensitivity is also called ''immune complex disease'', as the whole premise of the disease is that so-called immune complexes deposit in vessels, causing inflammation. An immune complex is a complex that is formed when antibodies bind to antigens to form large complexes. The antigens in this case may be exogenous, like microbial proteins, or endogenous proteins as in a...") Tag: Visual edit
20:52, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immune complexes.png
20:52, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immune complexes.png
20:50, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Type I. and type II. hypersensitivity reactions, mechanisms and related disorders (Created page with "== Hypersensitivity reactions == Sometimes can immune system reaction injure the tissues of the body. These types of immune system reactions are called ''hypersensitivity reactions''. This occurs when the immune system is inadequately controlled, or the immune reaction might inappropriately target host tissues instead of foreign pathogens. There are many causes of hypersensitivity reactions: * Reaction against self-antigens Normally does the body ''tolerate'' (not rea...") Tag: Visual edit
20:49, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Type 1 hypersensitivity.png
20:49, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Type 1 hypersensitivity.png
20:46, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Granuloma. Granulomatous inflammation (Created page with "A granuloma is a circumscribed chronic inflammation with many activated macrophages and lymphocytes clustered around pathogens that can’t be broken down. This is the way of our immune system to trap these kinds of pathogens, so they don’t spread further. === Causes === Like mentioned above, some pathogens can resist being phagocytosed or degraded inside the phagocytes, and therefore will the activated macrophages cluster around it. Some macrophages in a granuloma wi...") Tag: Visual edit
20:44, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis (Created page with "Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease which usually involves the lungs, but may affect other organs as well, like the kidneys. The centre of the tubercular granulomas typically undergo caseous necrosis. === Epidemiology === Apparently, every third human is infected with tuberculosis. In 2016 there were 10,4 million new cases! And 1,5 million deaths due to the disease the same year. We in Europe are very lucky to live in an almost tuberculosis-free reality. Al...") Tag: Visual edit
20:39, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:M. tuberculosis cords.png
20:39, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:M. tuberculosis cords.png
20:37, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation (content was: "A chronic inflammation is prolonged, and lasts for weeks, months or even years! Here, inflammation, tissue injury and healing proceed simultaneously. It differs from acute inflammation because there are no vascular changes, oedema and neutrophilic infiltrate. The characteristics of chronic inflammation are: # Infiltration with mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
20:36, 7 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation (Created page with "A chronic inflammation is prolonged, and lasts for weeks, months or even years! Here, inflammation, tissue injury and healing proceed simultaneously. It differs from acute inflammation because there are no vascular changes, oedema and neutrophilic infiltrate. The characteristics of chronic inflammation are: #Infiltration with mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. #Tissue destruction #Repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis. ===Causes===...") Tag: Visual edit
10:53, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation (Created page with "A chronic inflammation is prolonged, and lasts for weeks, months or even years! Here, inflammation, tissue injury and healing proceed simultaneously. It differs from acute inflammation because there are no vascular changes, oedema and neutrophilic infiltrate. The characteristics of chronic inflammation are: # Infiltration with mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. # Tissue destruction # Repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis. === Causes...") Tag: Visual edit
10:51, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation. Organ examples. (Created page with "Acute inflammation occurs in the time span of minutes to hours. The most important leukocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte. Vasodilation and permeability increase, which produces all the local signs of acute inflammation. === Signs of acute inflammation === The local signs are usually these, and you can remember them by using your imagination and thinking about one time you or someone you know had an inflammation: * Calor Heat * Rubor- Redness * Tumor – Swelling * Do...") Tag: Visual edit
10:46, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Vascular and cellular mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation (Created page with "== Inflammation == Inflammation is the body’s protective response to remove the cause of cell injuries as well as eliminating damaged cells, necrotic cells and initiating regeneration. The response involves host cells, blood vessels, proteins and other mediators. What can cause inflammation? Some examples are: * Infections ** Like common cold and pneumonia * Allergies ** Hay fever and asthma * Autoimmunity ** Thyroiditis, vasculitis and glomerulonephritis * Chemical...") Tag: Visual edit
10:35, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications (Created page with "The topics about hypertension in pathophysiology are more thorough than this topic. Look there for more details. Hypertension is a big health problem in developed countries and is known as the silent killer because it’s asymptomatic for many years. Approximately 25 % of the population has some form of it. We count blood pressures over 139/89 mmHg as benign hypertension (although it’s actually not so benign), and its considered malignant when it reaches 180/110 mmHg...") Tag: Visual edit
10:32, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (Created page with "== Shock == A shock is the final common pathway for potentially lethal events, like myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, trauma and sepsis. Its characterized by severe systemic hypoperfusion of tissues, either by decreased cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume. The consequences are impaired tissue perfusion and hypoxia of the cells, which leads to multiorgan failure. So, in other words, a shock is a whole-body circulatory failure. In theory i...") Tag: Visual edit
10:30, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Thrombosis and embolus. Definitions, causes, types and clinical consequences (Created page with "== Thrombosis == The definition of a thrombus (thrombi in plural) is intravascular coagulation of blood, meaning a solid mass of blood constituents. Thrombosis refers to the process of formation of thrombi. A thrombus is firm, has fibrin on the surface and attaches to the wall. Lines of Zahn can also be seen, that are pale layers of fibrin and platelet and dark layers of red blood cells. Recall from topic 1 that post-mortal clots are different from a thrombus. === Vir...") Tag: Visual edit
10:28, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Virchow's triad.png
10:28, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Virchow's triad.png
10:27, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Classification of hemorrhages based on pathomechanism (Created page with "== Haemorrhage == Extravasation of blood from vessels is the definition of haemorrhage, and it occurs in our everyday life, but have little impact on our health, like a paper cut or menstruation. However, some may be life threatening and may lead to hypovolemic shock (discussed in topic 26). Let’s look at some risks for haemorrhage other than paper cuts and menstruation: * Trauma * Atherosclerosis * Inflammations * Neoplastic erosion of vessel wall (cancerous growth)...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms (Created page with "Oedema refers to accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces or anatomical body cavities. We distinguish between two types based on their content. ''Transudate'' is a protein-poor oedema, similar to interstitial fluid and appears to e.g. increased hydrostatic pressure. ''Exudate'' is however a protein-rich oedema that comes with inflammation. When talking about oedema, it’s important to have the nomenclature right. * Anasarca – severe subcutaneous oedema...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Forces in vessels.png
10:24, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Forces in vessels.png
10:23, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Starling equation.png
10:23, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Starling equation.png
10:22, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Cor pulmonale chronicum (Created page with "Chronic cor pulmonale has a slow onset and is caused by pulmonary hypertension due to primary disorders of the lungs or the pulmonary vasculature. The condition consists of dilative hypertrophy of the right ventricle, which often causes right ventricular failure. As a forward-failure symptom of right ventricular failure may left ventricular failure later also occur. The causes for this to happen are many: * COPD like, emphysema and chronic bronchitis * Chest and spine...") Tag: Visual edit
10:20, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences (Created page with "Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive mechanism, so the heart can compensate for the increased afterload. However, after a certain limit the heart cannot compensate any longer, and regressive changes will happen instead, like lysis and loss of myocardial fibers. In extreme cases apoptosis or necrosis of myocytes will happen. All of this leads to a cardiac failure. The left ventricle can undergo both concentric and dilative hypertrophy. The way to measure the extent of the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Definition of hypertrophy and characteristics (Created page with "''Written by ms Worldwide, edited by Nikolas'' Hypertrophy is when cells increase in size, making the tissue bigger without cells dividing. thumb|Muscle hypertrophy gone wrong Why and where does hypertrophy happen? There are many causes to this, and some forms of hypertrophy can cause a lot of harm to the body, like in the left ventricle. A quick overview over the causes: * Gainz at the gym Increased functional demand will inc...") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Muscle hypertrophy gone wrong.jpg
10:18, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Muscle hypertrophy gone wrong.jpg