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21:55, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foreign body in the oesophagus (Created page with "* Foreign body in oesophagus is most common in children * In children: Coins, nuts, toys, button batteries, magnets ** Button batteries are especially dangerous because they can short-circuit and perforate the oesophagus * In adults: Fish bones, dentures * Usually stuck in the hypopharynx or upper part of oesophagus * Clinical features ** Pain ** Feeling of pressure ** Dysphagia * Diagnosis ** X-ray ** Oesophagoscopy * Treatment ** Nothing (if asymptomatic, low-risk) ***...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:52, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Foreign body aspiration (Created page with "* Mostly in children < 3 * 4x more often in the right main bronchus, due to its steeper incline * Peanuts, tablets, seeds * Clinical features ** Coughing ** Choking ** Stridor ** Dyspnoea * Complete obstruction – atelectasis * Partial obstruction – distal hyperinflation * Diagnosis ** If severe obstruction -> clinical diagnosis ** If non-severe obstruction *** Chest X-ray *** Bronchoscopy * Treatment ** Heimlich ** Removal with bronchoscopy <noinclude>Category:Ea...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:49, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Clinical signs of obstructions of the upper airways (upper airway stenosis), coniotomy, tracheotomy (Created page with "Upper airway obstruction {{:Upper airway obstruction}}{{:Cricothyrotomy}}{{:Tracheotomy}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:47, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tracheotomy (Created page with "* Tracheotomy is a permanent or temporary stoma between cricoid cartilage and sternal notch * Indication ** Long-term mechanical ventilation ** Obstruction outside larynx or trachea *** Struma *** Cervical or mediastinal tumor ** Obstruction in the wall of larynx or trachea *** Laryngeal oedema *** Foreign body ** Prophylactic * Procedure ** Vertical skin incision between cricoid cartilage and sternal notch ** Separation of pre-laryngeal muscles ** Cut thyroid isthmus **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:47, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cricothyrotomy (Created page with "* Cricothyrotomy, also called coniotomy * In case of upper airway obstruction with unsuccessful intubation * Airway is opened through cricothyroid ligament between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage * Should be converted to tracheotomy when possible * Indications ** Angioedema ** Foreign body in upper airway ** Severe facial trauma * Procedure ** Transverse surgical incision into skin between thyroid and cricoid cartilages ** Incision through skin, spf cervical fascia, de...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:45, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Upper airway obstruction (Created page with "* Etiology ** Tumor ** Inflammation ** Infections *** Croup *** Epiglottitis *** Tracheitis *** Peritonsillar abscess *** Retropharyngeal abscess ** Oedema *** Anaphylaxis *** Angioedema ** Trauma ** Foreign body * Clinical features ** Dyspnoea ** Stridor *** Inspiratory if larynx or above *** Expiratory if trachea or below ** Respiratory distress ** Coughing ** Haemoptysis ** Cyanosis * Treatment ** Airway protection with intubation, cricothyrotomy, or tracheotomy <no...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:43, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Thyroiditis, malignant tumours of the thyroid gland (Created page with "= Hashimoto thyroiditis = {{:Hashimoto thyroiditis}} = Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis = {{:De Quervain thyroiditis}} = Postpartum thyroiditis = {{:Postpartum thyroiditis}} = Thyroid nodule = {{:Thyroid nodule}} = Thyroid cancer = {{:Thyroid cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:40, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (Redirected page to De Quervain thyroiditis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:38, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Congenital malformations of the neck, benign tumours of the neck (Created page with "Congenital malformations of the neck {{:Congenital malformations of the neck}} Benign tumours of the neck {{:Benign tumours of the neck}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:38, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Congenital malformation of the neck to Congenital malformations of the neck
21:37, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign tumours of the neck (Created page with "* Rare * Lipoma ** Painless, soft ** Surgery for cosmetic * Madelung disease ** In alcoholics ** Surgical removal ** Cancer risk * Carotid paraganglioma ** Painless, pulsatile mass at the carotid bifurcation ** Clinical features *** Dry cough (vagus irritation) *** Hoarseness (vagus irritation) ** Surgical removal <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:36, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital malformation of the neck (Created page with "* Thyroglossal duct cyst ** Remnant of thyroglossal duct ** Diagnosis in first years of age ** Painless, firm midline neck mass *** Moves when swallowing or moving tongue ** Dysphagia ** Surgical excision ** Complication *** Abscess formation * Branchial cleft cyst ** Remnant of second branchial cleft ** Undiagnosed cyst in young adults becomes infected ** Painless, firm lateral/midline mass *** Does not move when swallowing ** Surgical excision * Lymphangioma ** Consist...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:34, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Laryngeal cancer (supraglottic, glottic, subglottic), TNM stage (Created page with "{{:Laryngeal cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:33, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Laryngeal cancer (Created page with "* A cancer of older men * 40% of head and neck cancers * SCC * Etiology ** Smoking ** Alcohol * Types ** Supraglottic *** 40% of cases *** Gives late symptoms ** Glottic *** Best prognosis because gives early symptoms (hoarseness) *** Limited lymphatic drainage *** 60% of cases ** Subglottic *** 1% of cases *** Gives late symptoms *** Dyspnoea *** Stridor * Clinical features ** Hoarseness ** Foreign body sensation ** Dyspnoea ** Dysphagia ** Stridor * Staging ** TNM ***...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:30, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Benign tumours of the larynx (Created page with "{{:Benign laryngeal tumour}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:30, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Benign laryngeal tumour (Created page with "* Majority of laryngeal neoplasms * Clinical features ** Coughing ** Hoarseness ** Wheezing ** Dyspnoea * Vocal cord polyps ** Adults in speaking professions ** Etiology *** Vocal overuse *** Chronic inflammation ** Unilateral ** Mucosal hyperplasia ** Hoarseness ** Microsurgical removal * Cysts and mucoceles ** Originate in small glands ** Hoarseness ** Microsurgical removal * Laryngeal papilloma ** Most common in children ** HPV 6, 11 ** Hoarseness ** Inspiratory strid...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:28, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Acute and chronic infections of the larynx, acute epiglottitis, phlegmonous epiglottitis, abscess of the epiglottis (Created page with "{{:Acute laryngitis}}{{:Chronic laryngitis}}{{:Epiglottitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:27, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Epiglottitis (Created page with "* Epiglottitis ** Severe phlegmonous infection, quickly progressing ** Important to consider it in all children with stridor ** Less common after H. influenzae vaccine ** Mostly in young children ** Etiology *** H. influenzae *** S. pneumoniae ** Clinical features *** High fever *** Inspiratory stridor *** Odynophagia *** Drooling *** Leaning forward *** No cough ** Management *** Urgent to hospital *** Airway may collapse rapidly, must be prepared to intubate, no inspec...") Tag: Visual edit
21:17, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic laryngitis (Created page with "* Chronic laryngitis ** > 3 weeks duration ** Etiology *** Ascending or descending inflammation *** GERD *** Smoking *** Recurring URTI (postnasal drip) <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:16, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page False croup (Redirected page to Acute laryngitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
21:16, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute laryngitis (Created page with "* Acute laryngitis ** Also called "false croup" ** < 3 weeks duration ** Etiology *** Infectious **** Descended URTI **** Viral ***** Rhinovirus ***** Adenovirus **** Bacterial superinfection *** Non-infectious **** Vocal strain **** Airborne irritants ** Clinical features *** Hoarseness *** Dry cough ** Related disorders *** Croup – laryngotracheitis *** Epiglottitis ** Diagnosis *** Laryngoscopy – erythema, oedema of larynx ** Treatment *** Self-limiting *** Vocal...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:11, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Clinical symptoms and signs of benign and malignant diseases of the larynx, hypopharynx and base of the tongue (Created page with "See topics 26, 29, and 30 for these symptoms. Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:09, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Malignant tumours in the oral cavity and pharynx (Created page with "= Nasopharynx cancer = {{:Nasopharynx cancer}} = Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer = {{:Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer}} = Hypopharynx cancer = {{:Hypopharynx cancer}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
21:08, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypopharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Hypopharynx cancer''' is a rare form of head and neck cancer. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma, and like oral cavity and oropharynx cancer it's related to alcohol and nicotine consumption. Hypopharynx cancer causes symptoms late, delaying diagnosis. Symptoms include dysphagia, halitosis, cervical lymph node metastasis, and referred ear pain. Treatment includes local surgical excision and sometimes neck dissection. Laryngectomy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
21:04, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Nasopharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Nasopharynx cancer''' is a rare type of head and neck cancer. The most common histological types are squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma. It can cause symptoms like unilateral conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, and lymph node metastasis at the mandibular angle. These tumours are very radiosensitive, which is lucky because surgery is difficult. <noinclude>Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
20:58, 26 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Precancerous disorders in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and oesophagus (Created page with "{{#lst:Precancerous states of the GI tract|leukoplakia and erythroplakia}}") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:29, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oropharynx cancer (Redirected page to Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:29, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer (Created page with "'''Oral cavity cancer''' or (simply '''oral cancer''') and '''oropharynx cancer''' are forms of head and neck cancer. These have similar etiology and pathology and are therefore often considered together. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of oral cavity and oropharynx cancer. Oropharynx cancer is most commonly located in the tonsils and tongue base but may affect all parts of the oropharynx. == Etiology == These types of cancer are highly...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
14:22, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page HPV (Redirected page to Human papilloma virus) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:01, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Leukoplakia (Redirected page to Precancerous states of the GI tract#Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
14:00, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Infectious diseases of the oral cavity and the pharynx (peritonsillar abscess) (Created page with "= Herpes labialis = {{:Herpes labialis}} = Herpangina = {{:Herpangina}} = Oral candidiasis = {{:Oral candidiasis}} = Tonsillitis = {{:Tonsillitis}} = Scarlet fever = {{:Scarlet fever}} = Peritonsillar abscess = {{:Peritonsillar abscess}} = Diphtheria = {{:Diphtheria}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
13:39, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diphtheria (Created page with "'''Diphtheria''' is an infection caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacterium most commonly infects the upper airways, but can also affect the lower airways, causing croup. Because the widely available dTP vaccine protects against diphtheria, it's very rare in countries with good vaccination coverage. == Clinical features == The bacterium forms a dense, grey pseudomembrane which covers the tonsils. If its severe enough, it can extend to cover the entire tra...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
13:24, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peritonsillar abscess (Created page with "'''Peritonsillar abscess''', an abscess localised around the palatine tonsil, is a potentially severe complication of bacterial tonsillitis. It's a rare condition, most commonly affecting people 20 - 40 years. Unlike the original bacterial tonsillitis is peritonsillar abscess usually a polymicrobial infection with anaerobes. ==Clinical features== Clinical features include those of tonsillitis but also throat pain on the affected side, globus sensation in the neck,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
12:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Scarlet fever (Created page with "'''Scarlet fever''', also called '''scarlatina''', is a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus pyogenes (also called group A streptococci or GAS) characterised by streptococcal tonsillitis, fever, a "strawberry tongue", and a rash. == Clinical features == In addition to features of tonsillitis, a rash and "strawberry tongue" are present. The rash usually begins 1-2 days after the tonsillitis. It's a generalised maculopapular exanthema which usually begins...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pharyngitis (Redirected page to Tonsillitis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:56, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tonsillitis (Created page with "'''Tonsillitis''', infection of the palatine tonsils, is a common condition in children and adults. There is no clear distinction between tonsillitis and pharyngitis, and so the condition may also be called '''pharyngitis''' or '''tonsillopharyngitis'''. In 70% of cases tonsillitis is caused by viruses and is one part of a viral upper respiratory tract infection, which affects multiple parts of the upper respiratory tract. In 30% of cases, mostly in children, tonsil...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:25, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral candidiasis (Created page with "'''Oral candidiasis''' is a fungal infection of the Candida species and affects the mucus membrane of the mouth. It may affect healthy people but more commonly affect those who are immunosuppressed. It causes a white plaque in the oral cavity or on the tongue. The plaque can be scraped off, unlike the plaque of leukoplakia. It may cause a cottony feeling in the mouth and loss of taste. Treatment is with oral an antifungal. <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:22, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Herpangina (Created page with "'''Herpangina''' is an infection caused by Coxsackie A virus. It's most common in children, and causes fever, odynophagia, and vesicles in the oral cavity. It spontaneously resolves after 3-4 days and only requires symptomatic treatment. <noinclude>‎Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT)</noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:20, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oral herpes (Redirected page to Herpes labialis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:20, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Herpes labialis (Created page with "'''Herpes labialis''', also called '''oral herpes''' or '''cold sore''', is an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. It causes painful blisters which recur and spontaneously heal. Early use of topical acyclovir can improve the symptoms, but it must be started as early as possible. <noinclude>‎ Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) </noinclude>") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Differential diagnosis of the neck masses (neck regions I-VII, origin of metastases) (Created page with "{{:Neck mass}}{{:Neck dissection}} ''You can be asked about the borders of these regions. I was.'' Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:11, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neck dissection (Created page with "* Neck dissection ** Radical neck dissection *** Regions I – V *** En bloc removal of everything in the neck except carotid artery, vagus, phrenic nerve, hypoglossal nerve *** Metastatic disease of the neck ** Modified neck dissection *** Preserves SCM, internal jugular vein OR accessory nerve *** Metastatic disease of the neck where the aforementioned structures are not infiltrated ** Selective neck dissection *** Preservation of certain regions *** I – III or II...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:08, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neck mass (Created page with "* Children ** 90% of neck masses in children are benign/inflammatory/congenital ** Most common cancer – lymphoma * Adults ** 80% of neck masses in adults are neoplastic ** Most common cancer – SCC * DD neck mass ** Congenital *** Branchial cleft cyst *** Thyroglossal duct cyst ** Inflammatory (lymphadenopathy) *** Reactive viral lymphadenopathy **** Mononucleosis *** Bacterial lymphadenopathy ** Neoplastic *** Metastasis from aerodigestive tract *** Tumor of tonsils,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Tumours of the salivary glands (benign and malignant) (Created page with "{{:Salivary gland tumour}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:06, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Salivary gland tumour (Created page with "* 70% are benign * Most are in parotid * Ultrasound – modality of choice for salivary gland * The smaller the gland, the higher risk that the tumor is malignant * Lateral parotidectomy ** Superficial – with large margin ** As early as possible ** Complete ** Complications: *** Facial nerve injury *** Gustatory sweating *** Gustatory hyperlacrimation * Benign tumours ** Clinical features *** Slow growth *** Painless *** Soft or tense *** Mobile nodule *** No additiona...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:05, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis (Created page with "{{:Acute sinusitis}}{{:Chronic sinusitis}} Category:ENT (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
11:05, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic sinusitis (Created page with "* Chronic rhinosinusitis ** > 12 weeks ** Etiology *** Impaired ventilation due to obstruction *** Anatomical abnormalities **** Septal deviation **** Septal spur *** Untreated acute rhinosinusitis *** Chronic allergy ** Clinical features (4 major signs, 4 minor) *** 4 major signs **** Nasal obstruction **** Purulent nasal discharge (ant/post) **** Anosmia **** Facial pain *** 4 minor signs **** Cough **** Dental pain **** Fever **** Halitosis ** Diagnosis *** Rhinoscopy...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:04, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute sinusitis (Created page with "* Sinusitis rarely occurs without rhinitis – rhinosinusitis * Pansinusitis – all sinuses * Acute rhinosinusitis ** < 4 weeks ** Maxillary sinus > ethmoidal cells ** Etiology *** Spread of rhinitis *** Viruses **** Rhinovirus **** Coronavirus *** Bacteria **** S. pneumoniae **** H. influenzae *** Spread of dental root infection ** Clinical features *** Symptoms of rhinitis *** Pain over sinus *** Headache – worsens when bending over ** Diagnosis *** Rhinoscopy/endos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:03, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Fractures of the paranasal sinuses. Fronto-basal, maxillo-facial, blow-out fractures, Le Fort fractures (Created page with "{{:Facial fracture}}") Tag: Visual edit
11:03, 24 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Facial fracture (Created page with "* Fronto-basal fractures ** Trauma to frontal bone or roof of nose *** Car accidents ** Escher classification *** Escher 1 – High fracture (forehead, calvaria) *** Escher 2 – Central fracture (low forehead) *** Escher 3 – Low fracture (along nasal cavity? – midface separated from skull base) *** Escher 4 – latero-orbital fracture (above and lateral to orbit) ** Clinical features *** CSF rhinorrhoea *** Cranial nerve palsy *** Raccoon eyes – haematoma around e...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched