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11:55, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:4th year") Tag: Visual edit
11:54, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:Pages by POTE course") Tag: Visual edit
11:54, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Ear, nose, throat (ENT) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
11:49, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Created page with "There are two types of '''haematopoietic stem cell transplantation''', autologous and allogenous. == Autologous stem cell transplantation == Autologous stem cell transplantation refers to removing and storing the patient’s own hematopoietic stem cells, which are later re-transfused back into the patient after high dose myeloablative chemotherapy. It’s a very safe procedure. However, relapse occurs in 40 – 75% of patients. Nowadays 98% autologous transplants are p...") Tag: Visual edit
11:47, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page CML (Redirected page to Chronic myeloid leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:47, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AML (Redirected page to Acute myeloid leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:46, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ALL (Redirected page to Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:41, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Neuropathic pain (Created page with "'''Neuropathic pain''' or '''neuralgia''' is pain which occurs due to injury or disorder of the somatosensory nervous system, either peripherally or sentrally. This is in contrast to nociceptive pain, which is pain due to noxious stimulation of pain receptors. It’s usually chronic and debilitating, and unfortunately relatively prevalent (3 – 10% of population). == Etiology == * Peripheral causes ** Polyneuropathy (like diabetes, cytos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:36, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electromyography and electroneurography (Created page with "'''Electromyography''' (EMG) and '''electroneurography''' (ENoG, also called '''nerve conduction studies''' (NCS)) are both neurophysiological studies. EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to neural stimulation, while NCS records the conduction of action potentials along the nerve fibres. These investigations are sensitive but not disease specific. They provide information as to whether the patient’s problem are due to problems with the muscle,...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:31, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electroencephalography (Created page with "'''Electroencephalography''' (EEG) assesses the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp. Electrical activity is different across different parts of the brain, and so many electrodes are needed to assess the different areas of the brain, usually 10 – 20 electrodes. A routine EEG is 30 – 60 minutes long. EEG is an important tool to evaluate a patient with possible epilepsy. Sometimes repeated recordings are necessary to make the diagn...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
11:29, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Lumbar puncture (Created page with "Cerebrospinal fluid can be assessed in the evaluation of many neurological conditions. CSF is mostly obtained by '''lumbar puncture''' (LP). The CSF pressure can also be measured during lumbar puncture. == Indications == * Assessment of CSF, in the evaluation of ** CNS infection or inflammation (meningitis, encephalitis) ** CNS malignancy or paraneoplastic syndrome ** Subarachnoid haemorrhage ** Gullain-Barré syndrome ** Multiple sclerosis ** [...") Tag: Visual edit
11:26, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Local anaesthesia (Redirected page to Peripheral regional anaesthesia#Local anaesthesia) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
11:23, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Neurology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 42. Hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism (content was: "= Hypoparathyroidism = Hypoparathyroidism is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or p...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 39. Thyroid tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland (content was: "= Thyroid nodules = Discovery of a thyroid nodule, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of t...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 38. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism (+ Graves disease) (content was: "= Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis = Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 33. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Diagnostics and treatment (content was: "= Venous thromboembolism = Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (<abbr>DVT</abbr>) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT are venous thromboses which occur in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affect...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 32. Multiple myeloma. Diagnostics, symptoms, treatment (content was: "= Multiple myeloma = Multiple myeloma (MM), sometimes called plasma cell myeloma, is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most comm...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 31. Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (NHL). Classification, clinical characteristics of indolent and aggressive NHL, possibilities of treatment (content was: "= Non-Hodgkin lymphomas = Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They rem...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 30. Malignant lymphomas. Classification, diagnostics and clinical features. Hodgkin’s disease. Classification, diagnostics, treatment possibilities (content was: "''For introduction to lymphomas, see pathology 2 topic 28.'' Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For t...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 29. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and possibilities of treatment (content was: "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nod...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 28. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and treatment (content was: "Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:14, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 27. Classification of myeloproliferative disorders, general characteristics. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytemia and osteomyelofibrosis. (content was: "= Myeloproliferative neoplasms = The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The c...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 26. Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Diagnostics clinical picture and principles of treatment (content was: "= Acute myeloid leukaemia = Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blas...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 25. The aplastic anemia (content was: "Aplastic anaemia (AA) refers to pancytopenia caused by bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It’s a rare disorder, affecting 2 per million. It’s distinct from bone marrow failure, in which pancytopaenia can be caused by bone marrow replacement (by tumour, fibrosis, or myelodysplastic syndromes). It might be anywhere from mild to severe. == Etiology == Mostly idiopathic (50%),...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 24. Immune thrombocytopenia. Diagnostics and treatment. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, clinical picture and treatment (content was: "= Immune thrombocytopenia = Immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopaenic purpura, is an immune-mediated cause of thrombocytopaenia. It is caused by the formation of autoantibodies against thrombocytes and is relatively common. Other cell lines are unaffected. It usually either affects children <5 or older adults >55 years, but the disorder is a bit dif...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 23. Megaloblastic and other macrocytic anaemias. Etiology, types and diagnostics of hemolytic anaemias (content was: "= Macrocytic anaemia = Macrocytic anaemia is a form of anaemia characterised by macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fL). Megaloblastic anaemia is a subtype of macrocytic anaemia characterised by decreased DNA synthesis in haematopoietic stem cells, causing RBCs to be larger, oval, and blast-like, and neutrophils to be hypersegmented. The most common cause of both macrocytic and megaloblas...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 22. Types of anaemia. Etiology of iron deficiency anaemia, clinical picture and treatment (content was: "= Anaemia = Anaemia is defined as the reduction in circulating red blood cell-mass below normal levels. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia. It is diagnosed by haemoglobin concentration. The WHO defines anaemia as a haemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, but the normal ranges vary a bit from laboratory t...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 20. The differential diagnostics and acute management of chest pain (content was: "Acute chest pain is a common cause of admission to the emergency department. Most cases are not life-threatening, but it’s important to rule out life-threatening causes. == Evaluation of chest pain == Everyone who is admitted with acute chest pain get: * Blood test checking for troponins, D-dimer, amylase/lipase, + other general tests * ECG Further examinations are based...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 19. Valve diseases. Diagnosis and therapy (content was: "= Aortic stenosis = Aortic stenosis (AS) refers to narrowing of the aortic valve, resulting in increased pressure load on the left ventricle. AS is mostly a disorder of the elderly (>70 years) men, and it’s the most common valvular disease. Some also have some degree of aortic regurgitation. == Etiology == In most cases, aortic stenosis is a result of dystrophic calcificati...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 18. Infective endocarditis. Rheumatic fever and its consequences (content was: "= Infective endocarditis = Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, usually bacterial. It’s mostly a disorder of those with structural heart disease, but it can also occur in those with healthy hearts. It’s characterised by formation of vegetations on the heart valves. The most commonly affected valves are the aortic and mitral valves. IE is usually...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 17. Inflammatory diseases of the heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis) and cardiac tamponade (content was: "''Non-infective endocarditis is very rare and therefore not covered. Infective endocarditis is covered in topic 18.'' = Pericarditis = Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium. It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. It often leads to formation of a pericardial effusion. == Etiology == There are many possible causes of pericarditis, but the most common are vira...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 16. The cardiomyopathies. Types, pathophysiological background, diagnostics and therapy (content was: "= Cardiomyopathies = According to <abbr>ESC</abbr>, cardiomyopathies are defined by structural and functional abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium that are unexplained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading conditions. This definition does not include diseases of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease or hypertension. However, terms like “ischaem...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 15. Secondary hypertension, types, differential diagnosis and therapy (content was: "Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an underlying cause. It accounts for 10% of hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension should be suspected in: * Younger patients (<40) with hypertension * Severe hypertension * Resistant hypertension == Etiology == * Common ** Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) ** Renal parenchymal disease ** Renovascular disease (renal artery ste...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 14. The importance of essential hypertension, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment (content was: "= Hypertension in general = Hypertension, elevated blood pressure in the arterial system, is not a disease but a risk factor for development of many diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. It’s mostly asymptomatic. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it’s also becoming more and more common. However, even small decreases in blood...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 13. Diagnosis and therapy of heart failure (content was: "''New <abbr>ESC</abbr> guidelines on HF were released in August 2021. I’ve updated this topic to reflect the new guidelines.'' = Diagnosis and evaluation = == Physical examination == Physical examination is important for determining the volume status of the patient. A patient with peripheral pitting oedema, pulmonary crackles on auscultation, elevated jugular pressure, hep...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:13, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 12. Epidemiology, pathophysiological background, types and clinical syndromes of heart failure (content was: "Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the patient has symptoms and/or signs of insufficient cardiac output and/or backwards congestion. This is due to an underlying decrease in systolic or diastolic function of the heart. Decreased systolic function refers to decreased ability of the heart to eject blood, reflected as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (<abbr...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 11. Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease, medical follow-up of patients after a myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation (content was: "Everyone who’ve underwent an acute myocardial infarction will be taking multiple medications as secondary prevention for future AMIs, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular disease. Most of them must be taken indefinitely. * Medications to be taken indefinitely ** Aspirin (75 mg) – in all cas...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:12, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 10. The non-pharmacological treatment of ischemic heart disease (percutaneous coronary interventions, stent implantation, coronary bypass operation) (content was: "= Percutaneous coronary intervention = Percutaneous coronary intervention (<abbr>PCI</abbr>) refers to the use of balloon angioplasty with or without placement of a stent during coronary angiography, a minimally invasive procedure. If a significant coronary stenosis is discovered during coronary angiography, it can be revascularized during the same procedure, in which case it...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 9. The types of acute coronary syndromes, their clinical features, complications, diagnosis and treatment (content was: "= Acute coronary syndrome = Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. ACS is used as an initial working diagnosis until an ECG and troponin level has been performed, which will decide which type of ACS the patient has. There are three types, each of which with differing underly...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 8. The syndromes of ischemic heart disease and their differential diagnostics (content was: "== Syndromes of ischaemic heart disease == Ischaemic heart disease includes the following syndromes: * Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) ** ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ** Non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) *** Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) *** Unstable angina (UA/UAP) * Chronic coronary syndrome (<abbr>CCS</abbr>) ** Effort angina/stable...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 7. Epidemiology, risk factors and primary prevention of ischemic heart disease (content was: "Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term ''coronary artery disease'' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re often used interchangeably. We can distinguish acute and chronic ischaemic heart disease. Acute ischaemic...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 6. Treatment of syncope and sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis and treatment. Cardopulmonary resuscitation (content was: "= Syncope = Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness and muscle tone which occurs suddenly, and which resolves spontaneously. It occurs when there is a transient global cerebral hypoperfusion. Syncope is one of multiple causes of ''transient loss of consciousness'' (TLOC): * Syncope ** Cardiac syncope ** Reflex syncope *** Vasovagal syncope *** Carotid sinus syndrome ** O...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 5. Non-pharmacological therapy of arrhythmias and conduction disorders (content was: "== Cardioversion == Cardioversion or electrical conversion refers to giving electrical shock to a patient with an arrhythmia to restore sinus rhythm. It can be done acutely in case of emergencies, or electively in cases where pharmacological treatment of the arrhythmia hasn’t had satisfactory effect. Cardioversion is, unlike defibrillation, synchronised. This means that the...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 4. Preexcitation syndromes, diagnosis and treatment (content was: "== Preexcitation syndromes == Preexcitation syndromes are characterised by earlier-than-normal depolarisation of the ventricles due to an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses part of the conduction system. The most important one is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), but others exist as well, like Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. Only WPW will be discussed here. == Wolff...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 3. Blocks and conduction disorders, diagnosis and drug treatment (content was: "= Atrioventricular blocks = Atrioventricular (AV) block is characterised by a partial or complete block of conduction from the atria to the ventricles, usually at the level of the AV node. There are multiple different types, but the major causes of all are similar: * Idiopathic * Myocarditis * Hyperkalaemia * Drugs slowing AV node conduction (beta blockers, digoxin, CCBs) * I...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:10, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 2. Ventricular arrhythmias, diagnosis and therapy (content was: "Ventricular arrhythmias are those which originate from the ventricles. They include the following: * Ventricular premature beats * Ventricular tachycardia * Ventricular fibrillation == Ventricular premature beats == Ventricular premature beats, also called ventricular extrasystoles (<abbr>VES</abbr>) are caused by ectopic foci in the ventricles. They are relatively common an...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:09, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page 1. Supraventricular arrhythmias, diagnosis and therapy (content was: "Supraventricular arrhythmias are those which originate from the SA node, atria, or AV junction. They include the following: * Sinus arrhythmias ** Sinus bradycardia ** Sinus tachycardia ** Sick sinus syndrome * Supraventricular premature beats * Atrial tachycardia * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) * AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVR...", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
10:09, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B52. Indications for liver and pancreas transplantation (Created page with "= Liver transplantation = {{:Liver transplantation}} = Pancreas transplantation = {{:Pancreas transplantation}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
10:07, 23 November 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B56. Morbid obesity, and bariatric surgery (Created page with "{{:Obesity}} Category:Surgery final (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit