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10:22, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (Created page with "'''Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria''' (PNH) has an unfortunate name. Its name implies that the main clinical feature is the presence of haemoglobin in the urine in the night, but this symptom isn’t present in everyone with PNH. Also, the name doesn’t explain the most important clinical features of the disease: Haemolysis, venous thrombosis, and pancytopaenia. It’s a rare disease. == Pathophysiology == All cells of the blood have a so-called membra...") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Macroangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Macroangiopathic haemolytic anaemias''' are characterised by the intravascular haemolysis of RBCs due to mechanical forces in the ''large'' blood vessels, hence the name. This may cause haemolytic anaemia. The most important causes are severe aortic stenosis and prosthetic heart valves. In severe aortic stenosis the lumen of the aortic valve is so narrow that the blood that flows through it reaches very high velocities. This rapid, turbulent transvalvular...") Tag: Visual edit
10:17, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' (AHIA) is a haemolytic anaemia that occurs due to the body producing autoantibodies against its own RBCs. We distinguish two types of AHIA based on which temperature the autoantibodies best bind to the RBCs. In '''warm AIHA''', also called '''warm agglutinin disease''', the autoantibodies bind more strongly to the RBCs at body temperature (37°C). In '''cold AIHA''', also called '''cold agglutinin disease''', the autoantibodies bin...") Tag: Visual edit
10:13, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pyruvate kinase deficiency (Created page with "RBCs only produce energy by glycolysis, which depends on '''pyruvate kinase''' (PK). When PK is '''deficient''', RBCs will be deficient in ATP, which can lead to haemolysis. In contrast with G6PD deficiency, PK deficiency causes chronic haemolytic anaemia. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
10:11, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Created page with "'''Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase''' (G6PD) '''deficiency''' is a deficiency of the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, which is essential for preventing oxidative damage to RBCs. Deficient RBCs are susceptible to haemolysis when exposed to oxidants. It’s an X-linked condition. Like the haemoglobinopathies it’s most common in Africa, Asia and the Mediterranean. The enzyme G6PD is important to regenerate [[glutathione]...") Tag: Visual edit
10:10, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Thalassaemia (Created page with "'''Thalassaemia''' is a group of diseases characterised by one or more defective globin genes, causing haemolytic anaemia. Like sickle cell anaemia it is more common in Africa and the Mediterranean, but also south-east Asia. == Pathophysiology == We distinguish alpha and beta thalassaemia, based on whether the alpha or beta globin genes are defective. Alpha globin chain production is controlled by two genes, so there are four alleles that can...") Tag: Visual edit
10:08, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sickle cell disease (Created page with "'''Sickle cell disease''' is a group of inherited RBC disorders, and the most common intrinsic haemolytic anaemia, i.e. the most common cause of haemolytic anaemia due to intrinsic defects of the RBCs. It’s most common in African and Mediterranean populations. It’s caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene causes haemoglobin to precipitate into a sickle-shape when deoxygenized, which gives the name. This leads to microvascular occlusion and haemolysis....") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 20 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Haemolytic anaemia (Created page with "'''Haemolytic anaemias''' are a form of anaemia characterized by the pathologically increased breakdown of RBCs (haemolysis), reducing their to less than the normal 120 days. To compensate for increased turnover of RBCs the bone marrow can increase the output of RBCs 6 – 8-fold. Anaemia only manifests if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate. There exist many types of haemolytic anaemia, both congenital and acquired. == Types == Here...") Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Beta blockers (Redirected page to Beta blocker) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Endocarditis (Redirected page to Infective endocarditis) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Electrocardiogram (Redirected page to Electrocardiography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:18, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Direct oral anticoagulants (Redirected page to Direct oral anticoagulant) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Corticosteroids (Redirected page to Corticosteroid) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary bypass (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass surgery (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:16, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass graft (Redirected page to Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:16, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic heart failure (Redirected page to Heart failure) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Calcium channel blockers (Redirected page to Calcium channel blocker) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page CT (Redirected page to Computer tomography) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiomyopathies (Redirected page to Cardiomyopathy) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
17:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Macrocytic anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia (Created page with "'''Macrocytic anaemia''' is a form of anaemia characterised by macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fL). '''Megaloblastic anaemia''' is the most common subtype of macrocytic anaemia characterised by decreased DNA synthesis in haematopoietic stem cells, causing RBCs to be larger, oval, and blast-like, and neutrophils to be hypersegmented. The most common cause of megaloblastic anaemia is folate and B12 deficiency. == Etiology ==...") Tag: Visual edit
17:09, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pernicious anaemia (Created page with "'''Pernicious anaemia''' is an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies are produced against intrinsic factor or the parietal cells which produce IF. These antibodies will either destroy the parietal cells or block vitamin B12 from binding to IF, both of which result in B12 malabsorption, causing B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia. Category:Haematology") Tag: Visual edit
16:58, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron deficiency anaemia (Created page with "'''Iron deficiency anaemia''' (IDA) is the most common form of anaemia worldwide. It’s most common in children, young women and pregnant women. >40% of women are iron deficient, of which 50% have iron deficiency anaemia! It’s easily diagnosable and treatable. However, it’s most often a symptom of an underlying disorder, possibly a malignancy, and so the underlying cause must be sought. == Etiology == The etiologies can be classified based on the underlying me...") Tag: Visual edit
16:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Iron metabolism (Created page with "Iron in foods can be in two forms. It can be in the form of a heme group or it can be in the form of a simple iron ion (Fe2+ or Fe3+). The two forms are absorbed by different mechanisms. Iron in meat is in the heme form while iron in non-meat foods is in the iron ion form. The heme form is easily absorbed; the absorption of the ion form can be decreased by many factors, like simultaneous intake of calcium (dairy products) or tea and can be increased by consumption of vit...") Tag: Visual edit
16:38, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Haematology (Created page with "Category:Internal Medicine (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
16:37, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Anaemia (Created page with "'''Anaemia''' is defined as the reduction in circulating red blood cell-mass below normal levels. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia. It is diagnosed by haemoglobin concentration. The WHO defines anaemia as a haemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, but the normal ranges vary a bit from laboratory to laboratory. Anaemias can be classified according to the morphology of the RBCs or according to...") Tag: Visual edit
16:32, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aortic regurgitation (Created page with "'''Aortic regurgitation''' refers to when the aortic valve closes incompletely during systole, causing blood to flow back from the ascending aorta into the left ventricle. It’s a rare valvular disease. Like MR, aortic regurgitation can be primary, due to direct involvement of the valve itself, or secondary, due to dilation of the ascending aorta, making it impossible for the anatomically normal aortic valve to close...") Tag: Visual edit
16:30, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Mitral regurgitation (Created page with "'''Mitral regurgitation''' (MR) refers to when the mitral valve closes incompletely during systole, causing blood to flow back from the left ventricle into the left atrium. It’s a common valvular heart disease. MR can be primary, due to direct involvement of the valve itself or the chorda tendinae, or secondary, due to changes in the dimensions of the left ventricle, making it impossible for the anatomically normal mitral valve to close properly. It can also be ei...") Tag: Visual edit
16:27, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Aortic stenosis (Created page with "'''Aortic stenosis''' (AS) refers to narrowing of the aortic valve, resulting in increased pressure load on the left ventricle. AS is mostly a disorder of the elderly (>70 years) men, and it’s the most common valvular disease. Some also have some degree of aortic regurgitation. == Etiology == In most cases, aortic stenosis is a result of dystrophic calcification and degeneration of the aortic valve with age. 1 – 2% of the population ha...") Tag: Visual edit
16:21, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Rheumatic fever (Created page with "'''Rheumatic fever''' is a complication of streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) infection. It typically follows a few weeks after a streptococcal pharyngitis infection, which may be subclinical and therefore go unnoticed. The condition affects the joints, heart, CNS, and skin. The heart manifestation of rheumatic fever is called '''rheumatic heart disease'''. Rheumatic fever is rare in developed countries nowadays as most cases of streptococcal pharyng...") Tag: Visual edit
16:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Infective endocarditis (Created page with "'''Infective endocarditis''' (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, usually bacterial. It’s mostly a disorder of those with structural heart disease, but it can also occur in those with healthy hearts. It’s characterised by formation of vegetations on the heart valves. The most commonly affected valves are the aortic and mitral valves. IE is usually left-sided. It’s usually a subacute disease, but it can develop acutely or chronically as well. The clinical featu...") Tag: Visual edit
16:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac tamponade (Created page with "'''Cardiac tamponade''' is a condition where a pericardial effusion compresses the heart, leading to life-threatening acute heart failure. This occurs if the pericardial effusion develops rapidly or is large. It’s an emergency which should be treated empirically even before a proper diagnosis is made. == Etiology == * Acute pericarditis * Cardiac wall rupture (trauma, MI) * Cardiac surgery == Clinical features == Cardiac t...") Tag: Visual edit
16:06, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Myocarditis (Created page with "'''Myocarditis''' refers to inflammation of the myocardium. It has a wide range of presentations, anywhere from acute and fulminant to chronic. As the cardiac conduction system is in the myocardium, myocarditis predisposes to arrhythmias. It also affects the myocardium’s ability to contract. It may mimic <abbr>ACS</abbr>. Myocarditis is mostly a disorder of younger adults. == Etiology == * Viral (coxsackie) (most comm...") Tag: Visual edit
16:03, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pericarditis (Created page with "'''Pericarditis''' refers to inflammation of the pericardium. It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. It often leads to formation of a pericardial effusion. == Etiology == There are many possible causes of pericarditis, but the most common are viral and autoimmune. * Infectious ** Viral (coxsackie, others) ** Bacterial * Non-infectious ** Autoimmune (<abbr>SLE</abbr>, Sjögren, Rheumatoid...") Tag: Visual edit
16:03, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Constrictive pericarditis (Created page with "'''Constrictive pericarditis''' is a form of pericarditis characterised by the loss of pericardial elasticity leading to decreased ventricular filling. This occurs due to formation of granulation tissue in the pericardium. The result is diastolic heart failure due to thickened, rigid, fibrous pericardium following acute pericarditis. Jugular vein distention which worsens on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), pericardial knock, and <abbr>pulsus paradoxus</abbr> are typ...") Tag: Visual edit
15:56, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Takotsubo cardiomyopathy''', also referred to as T'''akotsubo syndrome''', stress cardiomyopathy, and '''broken heart syndrome''', is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by transient hypo/dys/akinesia and ballooning of the apical segments of the left ventricle in response to severe stress, like a partner’s death. It’s an acute condition which can cause severe heart failure, but it’s transient and usually completely reversible condition. It’s an imp...") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Left ventricular non-compaction (Created page with "'''Left ventricular non-compaction''' (LVNC) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by failure of intrauterine compaction of the myocardium, leading to a thickened endo-myocardium with trabeculae and deep recesses. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>ARVC</abbr>) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by thinning of the right ventricular wall, which predisposes to arrhythmias. An epsilon wave, a wave at the end of a widened QRS complex, is typical. Antiarrhythmic treatment and ICD implantation may be used. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:53, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Restrictive cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Restrictive cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>RCM</abbr>) is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterised by reduced myocardial compliance, leading to increased LV filling pressure, but with normal systolic function. It causes diastolic heart failure. Constrictive pericarditis is an important differential diagnosis. There is no specific treatment. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
15:52, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>HCM</abbr>) is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of a provoking disease like hypertension or aortic stenosis. The hypertrophy is often asymmetric. '''Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy''' (HOCM) is a subtype of HCM characterised by obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract due to excessive hypertrophy of the ventricular septum. It’s a common cause of...") Tag: Visual edit
15:49, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Dilated cardiomyopathy (Created page with "'''Dilated cardiomyopathy''' (<abbr>DCM</abbr>) is a form of cardiomyopathy characterised by dilation of all four heart chambers, in the absence of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease, and congenital heart disease. The ejection fraction is <45% and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume is >117% of forecasted based on body surface area. DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy, affecting 1/250. The prognosis is poor with a 5-y...") Tag: Visual edit
15:45, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiomyopathy (Created page with "According to <abbr>ESC</abbr>, a '''cardiomyopathy''' is defined as structural and functional abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium that is unexplained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading conditions. This definition does not include diseases of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease or hypertension. However, terms like “ischaemic cardiomyopathy” and “hypertensive cardiomyopathy” are used clinically to describe myocardial dam...") Tag: Visual edit
15:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery disease (Redirected page to Ischaemic heart disease) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
15:42, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Secondary hypertension (Created page with "'''Secondary hypertension''' is hypertension due to an underlying cause. It accounts for 10% of hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension should be suspected in: * Younger patients (<40) with hypertension * Severe hypertension * Treatment-resistant hypertension == Etiology == * Common ** Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) ** Renal parenchymal disease ** Renal vascular disease (renal artery stenosis) *** Atherosclerotic renovascular disease *** Fibromuscu...") Tag: Visual edit
13:47, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Primary hypertension (Created page with "'''Primary hypertension''', previously called '''essential hypertension''' due to the false belief that it was essential to maintain perfusion in elderly, is the idiopathic form of hypertension and a very prevalent condition. Hypertension occurs in >30% of the adult population. Primary hypertension accounts for >90% of cases of hypertension. For general information, see hypertension. == Etiology == The precise cause of primary hypertension is not known, but man...") Tag: Visual edit
13:43, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hypertension (Created page with "'''Hypertension''', elevated blood pressure in the arterial system, is not a disease but a risk factor for development of many diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. It’s mostly asymptomatic. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it’s also becoming more and more common. However, even small decreases in blood pressure in the case of hypertension cause large improvements in the risk for complications. Hypertension is Primar...") Tag: Visual edit
13:38, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Heart failure (Created page with "'''Heart failure''' is a clinical syndrome where the patient has symptoms and/or signs of insufficient cardiac output and/or backwards congestion. This is due to an underlying decrease in systolic or diastolic function of the heart. Decreased systolic function refers to decreased ability of the heart to eject blood, reflected as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (<abbr>LVEF</abbr>, usually shortened to simply EF). Decreased diastolic function refers...") Tag: Visual edit
12:24, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease (Created page with "Everyone who’ve underwent an acute myocardial infarction will be taking multiple medications as '''secondary prevention''' for future AMIs, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular disease. Most of them must be taken indefinitely. * Medications to be taken indefinitely ** Aspirin (75 mg) – in all cases ** High intensity statin (40 – 80 mg atorvastatin or 20 – 4...") Tag: Visual edit
12:17, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Created page with "'''Coronary artery bypass graft''' (CABG) '''surgery''' involves the placement of one or more graft between the aorta and the coronary artery circulation with the intention to revascularize a coronary artery. The graft is attached distally to the obstruction of the coronary artery, allowing blood from the aorta to bypass the obstruction and supply the ischaemic myocardium. The graft in question is either arterial or venous, but patients most frequently receive some comb...") Tag: Visual edit
12:15, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Percutaneous coronary intervention (Created page with "'''Percutaneous coronary intervention''' (<abbr>PCI</abbr>) or '''percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty''' (PTCA) refers to the use of balloon angioplasty with or without placement of a stent during coronary angiography, a minimally invasive procedure. If a significant coronary stenosis is discovered during coronary angiography, it can be revascularized during the same procedure, in which case it is known as PCI. During balloon angioplasty, a balloon is inf...") Tag: Visual edit