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20:25, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Alcoholic liver disease (Created page with "Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an umbrella term for liver conditions caused by significant and chronic alcohol abuse. It initially causes liver steatosis, which progresses to alcoholic hepatitis to cirrhosis unless alcohol consumption stops. Almost all who abuse alcohol develop liver steatosis, which is reversible, but only a few progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatitis C is often found in chronic alcoholics and leads to acceleration of alcoholic liver d...") Tag: Visual edit
20:18, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Miscellaneous hepatitis viruses (Created page with "Three hepatitis viruses, torque teno virus (TTV), SEN virus (named after the initials of patient zero), and hepatitis G virus (HGV, also called GB virus type C), can not cause hepatitis by themselves but they can (probably) cause co-infection with hepatitis A – E. These were discovered relatively recently and their significance is not well known yet. Category:Gastroenterology") Tag: Visual edit
20:15, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis E (Created page with "Hepatitis E virus is a herpevirus and an RNA virus. There are four genotypes. Types 1 and 2 are mostly found in the tropics and subtropics and cannot cause chronic hepatitis. They only infect humans. Types 3 and 4 are found in animal reservoirs and can cause chronic hepatitis. These types are mostly present in Western countries. == Etiology == Like hepatitis A, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission of types 1 and 2 usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or w...") Tag: Visual edit
20:14, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis D (Created page with "The hepatitis D virus is defective, as it lacks certain parts to function. Because of this, it can only cause infection when hepatitis B is also present, as the hepatitis D virus requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for it to function. Like hepatitis B and C, transmission is parenteral, sexual, or perinatal. == Clinical features == Coinfection with HBV causes more severe acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis, but no increased risk of chronic hepatitis. Su...") Tag: Visual edit
20:13, 18 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Jaundice (Created page with "'''Jaundice''' or '''icterus''' refers to the yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes due to deposition of bilirubin. This occurs due to an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood, called '''hyperbilirubinaemia'''. Discoloration of the sclerae occurs at lower concentrations of bilirubin than the skin. The reference range of total bilirubin is 5 – 20 µmol/L. '''Scleral icterus''' (sometimes called '''subicterus''', but different de...") Tag: Visual edit
11:51, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs moved page Hepatitis c to Hepatitis C
11:49, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis c (Created page with "Hepatitis C virus a flavivirus and an RNA virus. It is a common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. Chronic hepatitis C is the most common cause for liver transplantation. Curative treatment exists. Before the introduction of modern antivirals, curing HCV was much less successful and involved the use of interferons, which have nasty side effects. Thanks to modern antivirals, curing HCV has become much easier. == Etiology == Like hepatitis B and D, transmission...") Tag: Visual edit
11:33, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis B (Created page with "Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus. It can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. It's usually prevented by a childhood vaccine. Treatment exists for chronic hepatitis B. == Etiology == HBV is very infective, 50 – 100 times more infective than HIV. Like hepatitis C and D, transmission usually occurs due to: * Parenteral ** IV drug users ** Health care personnel * Sexual (esp. men who have sex with men) * Perinatal == Clinical features == Hepatitis B can cause both ac...") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 16 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hepatitis A (Created page with "Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a picornavirus and an RNA virus. It usually causes mild, self-limiting acute hepatitis. There is no specific treatment. == Etiology == Like hepatitis E, transmission is faecal-oral. Transmission usually occurs due to: * Contaminated food or water * Close personal contact * IV drug users * Blood exposure (rare) ''For hepatitis, bowels are vowels. Those hepatitides who are vowels have faecal-oral transmission.'' == Clinical features == HAV ca...") Tag: Visual edit
17:55, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute abdomen (Created page with "Acute abdomen refers to acute onset abdominal pain. There’s a large number of conditions which can cause acute abdomen, and so knowing the differential diagnosis and investigations to distinguish them is important. The presence of typical risk factors, gender, and age for a specific cause can also help the diagnosis, and so knowing these is important as well. It’s important to remember that atypical presentations exist, of course. == Life-threatening conditions == I...") Tag: Visual edit
17:44, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peritonitis (Created page with "'''Peritonitis''' is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, discussed separately) and secondary peritonitis, usually called just "peritonitis". Secondary peritonitis is peritonitis caused by bacterial infection from a surgically treatable intraabdominal source, like <abbr>GI</abbr> perforation, appendicitis, trauma, etc. Secondary peritoni...") Tag: Visual edit
17:39, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Created page with "Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall and most abdominal organs. We distinguish primary peritonitis (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and secondary peritonitis. '''Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis''' is usually a monomicrobial infection, while secondary peritonitis is usually a polymicrobial infection. Secondary peritonitis may be generalised or local, while primary peritonitis is always generalised. Peritonitis is a...") Tag: Visual edit
17:31, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ileus (Created page with "Ileus refers to the inability of intestinal contents to pass through the intestinal tract. We can distinguish multiple types according to the pathomechanism: * Mechanical ileus – due to a mechanical obstruction of the bowels ** Obstructive ileus ** Bowel strangulation * Dynamic ileus – due to functional impairment of peristalsis ** Paralytic ileus ** Spastic ileus Obstructive ileus may be further classified as small bowel obstruction (SBO), large bowel obstruction,...") Tag: Visual edit
17:17, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic pancreatitis (Created page with "Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by chronic inflammation of the pancreas with replacement of normal parenchyme by fibrotic scar tissue, which causes chronic abdominal pain and pancreatic insufficiency. It is an ongoing, progressive pathologic response to pancreatic injury. In most cases, chronic pancreatitis is caused by relapsing episodes of acute pancreatitis. The disease progresses gradually from a single episode of acute appendicitis to relapsing episodes of acu...") Tag: Visual edit
17:04, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute pancreatitis (Created page with "Acute pancreatitis is a reversible inflammatory condition of the pancreas that varies in intensity from just oedema and adiponecrosis to widespread parenchymal necrosis. It occurs when something causes the digestive enzymes to be activated in the pancreas itself, which self-digest the organ. The disease has a significant mortality, around 5%. In most patients the disease is mild and patients recover after a few days. However, 20% develop severe (necrotising) pancreatiti...") Tag: Visual edit
16:49, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute appendicitis (Created page with "Acute appendicitis refers to acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix and is a common cause of acute abdomen. Rapid management is important to prevent complications such as perforation of the appendix. The lifetime incidence of appendicitis is 9% for men and 7% for women. The peak incidence is in the second and third decades of life, but it may occur at any age. The incidence of acute appendicitis has been decreasing since the 1970s, for reasons not known. == Etiol...") Tag: Visual edit
16:25, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Diverticular disease (diverticulosis and diverticulitis) (Created page with "A colonic diverticulum is a sac-like protrusion of the colonic wall. The presence of many diverticula is called '''diverticulosis'''. In some cases, the diverticula may become inflamed, in which case the condition is called '''diverticulitis''' and occurs in approx. 10% of people with diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is usually asymptomatic, but it may cause symptoms like abdominal pain or lower GI tract bleeding. '''Diverticular disease''' refers to symptomatic diverticu...") Tag: Visual edit
16:00, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Colorectal cancer (Created page with "Colorectal carcinoma (<abbr>CRC</abbr>) refers to all cancers that can affect the colon and rectum. Carcinomas in the colon are the most common malignancy in the <abbr>GI</abbr>-tract, accounting for 95% of all GI cancers. CRC is the third most common type of cancer, but it’s the second most common cause of cancer-related death. It accounts for 10% of the world’s cancers. It’s mostly a disease of elderly, affecting those in their 60s and 70s. >90% of colorectal ca...") Tag: Visual edit
15:54, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Colonic polyps (Created page with "Colonic polyps are elevated protruding lesions of the colon into the colon lumen. They may be hyperplastic, inflammatory, hamartomatous, or neoplastic. These polyps may cause symptoms or develop into cancer. >90% of colorectal cancers develop from an adenomatous polyp, but only 3 – 5% of adenomatous polyps progress to cancer. Colon polyps are very common, affecting 30% of adults >50 years. == Etiology == Colonic polyps are highly related to the Western, obesogenic li...") Tag: Visual edit
15:49, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Precancerous states of the GI tract (Created page with "There are multiple different precancerous states of the GI tract. Inflammatory bowel diseases also increase the risk for cancer but are not covered here. == Barrett oesophagus == Barrett oesophagus is a consequence of chronic GERD where the chronic acid exposure of the oesophageal mucosa causes intestinal metaplasia (Barrett metaplasia). On histology goblet cells can be seen in the mucosa. It occurs i...") Tag: Visual edit
15:40, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis) (Created page with "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for two idiopathic conditions; Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both are chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that involve some inappropriate immune activation of the mucosa. Luckily for us the two diseases have different features that can be used to differentiate them. We’ll give a summary of the differences at the end of this topic. IBD is a chronic disease, but it isn’t always active. T...") Tag: Visual edit
15:35, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Malabsorption syndromes (Created page with "Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which the small intestine can’t properly absorb one or more nutrients. This may be due to impaired absorption or impaired digestion. Fat malabsorption is the most common specific nutrient malabsorption. == Etiology == * Global/complex nutrient malabsorption ** Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, CF) ** Intestinal resection ** Inflammatory bowel disease ** Coel...") Tag: Visual edit
15:33, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Coeliac disease (Created page with "Coeliac disease, also called coeliac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic immune-mediated systemic disorder triggered by consumption of gluten. It’s a relatively common condition, affecting 1 per 100 in Western Europe, but it’s also common in the Middle East. The prevalence has increased significantly in the recent 50 years. It’s likely underdiagnosed due to its heterogenous clinical presentation. == Etiology == Coeliac disease is highly related to...") Tag: Visual edit
15:31, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Functional bowel diseases (Created page with "Functional bowel disorders (FBDs) are disorders characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms in the absence of organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Like other functional disorders, FBDs are associated with many other conditions, including other functional disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, GERD, non-cardiac chest pain, and psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and somatisation. Functional bowel disorders are common, but significantly u...") Tag: Visual edit
15:27, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastritis (Created page with "Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach. There are many causes of gastritis, and some are very common. Atrophic gastritis is a common type, in which atrophy and later intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa occurs. Gastritis may predispose to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In some conditions commonly referred to as gastritis there is no inflammation, and so the term ''gastropathy'' is more appropriate. H. pylori is the most common cause of gastritis,...") Tag: Visual edit
15:25, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Helicobacter pylori gastritis (Created page with "Infection by H. pylori causes H. pylori gastritis, sometimes called B (bacterial) gastritis or environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG). This is a form of chronic atrophic gastritis and present in a whopping 2/3 of the population worldwide. The prevalence is decreasing due to sanitation and antibiotics, but it is still 90% in developing countries. While the infection usually occurs in childhood in developing countries, it usually occurs in adulthood in industr...") Tag: Visual edit
15:18, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Peptic ulcer disease (Created page with "Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the presence of peptic ulcers in the stomach and/or duodenum. Duodenal ulcers are approx 3 times more common than gastric ulcers. In virtually all cases, patients with PUD either have H. pylori infection and/or use NSAIDs long-term. Few people develop PUD without either of these risk factors. In addition to H. pylori and NSAIDs, there are multiple other “supportive” risk factors. These include smoking, alcohol, steroid use, and s...") Tag: Visual edit
15:12, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Small bowel neoplasm (Created page with "Small bowel cancer is very rare, accounting for <5% of <abbr>GI</abbr> cancers. Most small bowel tumours are benign. Cancer may be adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine, lymphoma, GIST, or other mesenchymal cancers. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a mesenchymal tumour of the GI tract. It may occur anywhere in the GI-tract, but most frequently in the stomach and small intestine. Category:Gastroenterology Category:Gastrointestinal surgery") Tag: Visual edit
15:11, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastric cancer (Created page with "Gastric adenocarcinoma accounts for 95% of gastric cancers. It’s a cancer of elderly, mostly men, and it’s the fifth most common cancer worldwide. It is more common in Asian countries like Japan and Korea, as well as certain regions in Africa and South America. It causes no or only nonspecific symptoms in the early stages. If diagnosed early, the prognosis is excellent, but at the time of diagnosis, 50% of cancers have already spread and are incurable, which leads t...") Tag: Visual edit
15:09, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Roux-en-Y procedure.png
15:09, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Roux-en-Y procedure.png
15:04, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Oesophageal cancer (Created page with "There are two major types of oesophageal cancer, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Both type typically affect elderly men. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma evolves from the Barrett-mucosa and is the most common type of oesophageal cancer in the Western world. Its incidence is rising. It’s usually found in the lower part of the oesophagus. Oesophageal SCC is more common in developing countries, and the most common type overall. It’s usually found in the middle an...") Tag: Visual edit
15:01, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Gastrointestinal surgery (Created page with "Category:Surgery (subject)") Tag: Visual edit
14:59, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Surgery (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Surgery (subject) (content was: "Category:Pages by subject", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
14:58, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Surgery (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:56, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Internal Medicine (subject) (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:54, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Created page with "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in British English, but that's abbreviated GORD) is a common disease where gastric contents reflux into the oesophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and possible severe complications. It’s caused by excessive relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, and is therefore sort of the opposite disorder of achalasia. == Etiology == Risk factors include those which decrease th...") Tag: Visual edit
14:52, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Gastroenterology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:50, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Systemic lupus erythematosus (Created page with "Systemic lupus erythematosus (<abbr>SLE</abbr>) is the prototype of multisystemic autoimmune diseases, affecting all organ systems. Its severity can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. SLE affects 20 – 100/100 000 in Europe. It more frequently affects women in the ages 16 – 55, being 12x more common in women. Affected men have a worse prognosis. SLE more frequently affects Black and Hispanic ethnicities than White. The 10-year survival rate is 90%. The...") Tag: Visual edit
14:48, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Rheumatology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
14:47, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Osteoporosis (Created page with "Osteoporosis refers to the decreased bone density, which increases the risk for fractures. It’s defined according to the results of a DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) scan. The scan calculates the bone mineral density and gives a T-score. Osteoporosis is defined as a T-score of less than -2,5 standard deviations. This means that a person with osteoporosis has 2,5 standard deviations lower bone density than an average young adult female. T-score between -1 and -...") Tag: Visual edit
14:46, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Created page with "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), sometimes called adrenogenital syndrome, is a group of autosomal recessive defects in the enzymes responsible for secretion of adrenal cortical hormones. The name comes from the compensatory adrenal hyperplasia which occurs due to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, causing ACTH to increase. Thanks to neonatal screening the more severe forms are rare nowadays, so the clinical presentation has shifted from presenting acute...") Tag: Visual edit
14:44, 13 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Endocrinology (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:06, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 42. Hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism (Created page with "= Hypoparathyroidism = Hypoparathyroidism is most commonly caused by accidental injury to the glands during neck surgery. The second most common cause is autoimmune destruction. Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcaemia. Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroid, parathyroid, or radical neck surgery for head and neck cancer. It may be transient, intermittent, or permanent. Transient hypoparathyroidism occurs in up to 20% of cases. Because of the high risk fo...") Tag: Visual edit
12:58, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 39. Thyroid tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland (Created page with "= Thyroid nodules = Discovery of a thyroid nodule, either by the patient or incidentally during physical examination, is a common presentation of thyroid neoplasms or cysts. 95% of thyroid nodules are benign. Some thyroid tumours produce thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, in which case they’re called “toxic”. == Etiology == These are the most common causes of thyroid nodule: * Benign thyroid nodule ** Follicular adenoma ** Toxic adenoma ** Thyroid cyst *...") Tag: Visual edit
12:56, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 38. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism (+ Graves disease) (Created page with "= Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis = Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroxinaemia is the state where the level of circulating free T3 and T4 is elevated, causing hypermetabolism. It is most commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, which is the state where the thyroid is overactive, but it can also be caused by ectopic hormones or destruction of the thyroid. Because of this, the two terms are often used interchangeably. == Etiology == Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by many conditions...") Tag: Visual edit
12:51, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 33. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Diagnostics and treatment (Created page with "= Venous thromboembolism = Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (<abbr>DVT</abbr>) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT are venous thromboses which occur in deep veins, most commonly in the legs or groin. Its main importance is the risk of the deep venous thrombosis dislodging and traveling to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT mostly affects the distal deep veins, but may affect the larger, proximal veins as well, including the iliac,...") Tag: Visual edit
12:46, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 32. Multiple myeloma. Diagnostics, symptoms, treatment (Created page with "= Multiple myeloma = Multiple myeloma (MM), sometimes called plasma cell myeloma, is the most important of the plasma cell dyscrasias. It is characterised by proliferation of genetically abnormal monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which produce monoclonal paraprotein which leads to organ damage and which can be detected in blood and urine. It’s the second most common haematological malignancy. It mostly affects elderly. Its prognosis used to be poor but nowad...") Tag: Visual edit
12:30, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 31. Non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (NHL). Classification, clinical characteristics of indolent and aggressive NHL, possibilities of treatment (Created page with "= Non-Hodgkin lymphomas = Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of lymphomas. We distinguish indolent/low-grade NHLs, aggressive/high-grade NHLs, and intermediary NHLs. The indolent/low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much less harmful than the aggressive/high-grade ones. In many cases, patients die ''with'' indolent lymphomas rather than ''of'' them. They remain asymptomatic for many years and are therefore often diagnosed incidentally on a laboratory t...") Tag: Visual edit