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12:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of lymphomas.png
12:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of lymphomas.png
12:22, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 30. Malignant lymphomas. Classification, diagnostics and clinical features. Hodgkin’s disease. Classification, diagnostics, treatment possibilities (Created page with "''For introduction to lymphomas, see pathology 2 topic 28.'' Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a distinctive group of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are characterized by the presence of a special cell type called Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells). It’s also characterised by the fact that the tumour consists of mostly inflammatory, responsive cells, and just a few cancerous cells. For this reason, HL has sometimes been called Hodgkin ''disease'' rather than lymphoma. There’s a...") Tag: Visual edit
12:17, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and possibilities of treatment (Created page with "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are indolent, mature, non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasms characterised by accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Both CLL and SLL are the same disease with different manifestations. When the disease primarily affects the blood, it’s CLL. When it primarily affects the lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes), it’s SLL. CLL is the most common adult leukaemia. It mostly affects elderly. == Clinica...") Tag: Visual edit
12:16, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Diagnostics, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by proliferation of the granulocyte lineage. It’s also characterised by the <abbr>BCR</abbr>-ABL1 translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It’s mostly a disorder of the elderly, and the incidence is rising. The prognosis has improved significantly following the introduction of BCR-ABL1 inhibitor drugs. == Clinical features == Untreated, the natural history of CML follows...") Tag: Visual edit
12:09, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27. Classification of myeloproliferative disorders, general characteristics. Polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytemia and osteomyelofibrosis. (Created page with "= Myeloproliferative neoplasms = The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or disorders are a group of chronic disorders characterized by increased proliferation of neoplastic haematopoietic stem cells of one or more of the myeloid cell lineages, the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. Unlike in myelodysplastic syndromes, the stem cells are nondysplastic. The classic MPNs are: * Chronic myeloid leukaemia (see topic 28) * Polycythaemia vera * Essential th...") Tag: Visual edit
12:05, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26. Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Diagnostics clinical picture and principles of treatment (Created page with "= Acute myeloid leukaemia = Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the myeloid cell line in the bone marrow. There is uncontrolled clonal cell proliferation which infiltrates the normal bone marrow and displaces the normal haematopoiesis. It is characterised by acute neoplastic proliferation of myeloid blast cells in the bone marrow. There is at least 20% blast rate in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, and the cells are proven to be of myeloid origin....") Tag: Visual edit
12:01, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. The aplastic anemia (Created page with "Aplastic anaemia (AA) refers to pancytopenia caused by bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia. It’s a rare disorder, affecting 2 per million. It’s distinct from bone marrow failure, in which pancytopaenia can be caused by bone marrow replacement (by tumour, fibrosis, or myelodysplastic syndromes). It might be anywhere from mild to severe. == Etiology == Mostly idiopathic (50%), but can also be due to known factors such as: # Direct injury ## Benzene ## NSAIDs ## Antiepile...") Tag: Visual edit
11:58, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. Immune thrombocytopenia. Diagnostics and treatment. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "= Immune thrombocytopenia = Immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopaenic purpura, is an immune-mediated cause of thrombocytopaenia. It is caused by the formation of autoantibodies against thrombocytes and is relatively common. Other cell lines are unaffected. It usually either affects children <5 or older adults >55 years, but the disorder is a bit different in the two populations. In children, it’s typically acute and self-limiting. In adults,...") Tag: Visual edit
11:52, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Megaloblastic and other macrocytic anaemias. Etiology, types and diagnostics of hemolytic anaemias (Created page with "= Macrocytic anaemia = Macrocytic anaemia is a form of anaemia characterised by macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fL). Megaloblastic anaemia is a subtype of macrocytic anaemia characterised by decreased DNA synthesis in haematopoietic stem cells, causing RBCs to be larger, oval, and blast-like, and neutrophils to be hypersegmented. The most common cause of both macrocytic and megaloblastic anaemia is folate and B12 deficiency. == Etiology == * Megaloblastic anaemia ** B12 defici...") Tag: Visual edit
11:48, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Types of anaemia. Etiology of iron deficiency anaemia, clinical picture and treatment (Created page with "= Introduction to anaemia = Anaemia is defined as the reduction in circulating red blood cell-mass below normal levels. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia. It is diagnosed by haemoglobin concentration. The WHO defines anaemia as a haemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women, but the normal ranges vary a bit from laboratory to laboratory. Anaemias can be classified according to the morphology of the RBC...") Tag: Visual edit
11:45, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. The differential diagnostics and acute management of chest pain (Created page with "Acute chest pain is a common cause of admission to the emergency department. Most cases are not life-threatening, but it’s important to rule out life-threatening causes. == Evaluation of chest pain == Everyone who is admitted with acute chest pain get: * Blood test checking for troponins, D-dimer, amylase/lipase, + other general tests * ECG Further examinations are based on the examining physician’s differential diagnosis based on the patient’s clinical features...") Tag: Visual edit
11:37, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Valve diseases. Diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "= Aortic stenosis = Aortic stenosis (AS) refers to narrowing of the aortic valve, resulting in increased pressure load on the left ventricle. AS is mostly a disorder of the elderly (>70 years) men, and it’s the most common valvular disease. Some also have some degree of aortic regurgitation. == Etiology == In most cases, aortic stenosis is a result of dystrophic calcification and degeneration of the aortic valve with age. 1 – 2% of the population have a congenital b...") Tag: Visual edit
11:35, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Infective endocarditis. Rheumatic fever and its consequences (Created page with "= Infective endocarditis = Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, usually bacterial. It’s mostly a disorder of those with structural heart disease, but it can also occur in those with healthy hearts. It’s characterised by formation of vegetations on the heart valves. The most commonly affected valves are the aortic and mitral valves. IE is usually left-sided. It’s usually a subacute disease, but it can develop acutely or chronically as wel...") Tag: Visual edit
11:32, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Inflammatory diseases of the heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis) and cardiac tamponade (Created page with "''Non-infective endocarditis is very rare and therefore not covered. Infective endocarditis is covered in topic 18.'' = Pericarditis = Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium. It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic. It often leads to formation of a pericardial effusion. == Etiology == There are many possible causes of pericarditis, but the most common are viral and autoimmune. * Infectious ** Viral (coxsackie, others) ** Bacterial * Non-infectious ** Au...") Tag: Visual edit
11:30, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. The cardiomyopathies. Types, pathophysiological background, diagnostics and therapy (Created page with "= Cardiomyopathies = According to <abbr>ESC</abbr>, cardiomyopathies are defined by structural and functional abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium that are unexplained by coronary artery disease or abnormal loading conditions. This definition does not include diseases of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease or hypertension. However, terms like “ischaemic cardiomyopathy” and “hypertensive cardiomyopathy” are used clinically to describe myoca...") Tag: Visual edit
11:27, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Secondary hypertension, types, differential diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an underlying cause. It accounts for 10% of hypertension cases. Secondary hypertension should be suspected in: * Younger patients (<40) with hypertension * Severe hypertension * Resistant hypertension == Etiology == * Common ** Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) ** Renal parenchymal disease ** Renovascular disease (renal artery stenosis) *** Atherosclerotic renovascular disease *** Fibromuscular dysplasia ** Primary aldostero...") Tag: Visual edit
11:25, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. The importance of essential hypertension, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment (Created page with "= Hypertension in general = Hypertension, elevated blood pressure in the arterial system, is not a disease but a risk factor for development of many diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. It’s mostly asymptomatic. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it’s also becoming more and more common. However, even small decreases in blood pressure in the case of hypertension cause large improvements in the risk for complications. ==...") Tag: Visual edit
11:22, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Diagnosis and therapy of heart failure (Created page with "''New <abbr>ESC</abbr> guidelines on HF were released in August 2021. I’ve updated this topic to reflect the new guidelines.'' = Diagnosis and evaluation = == Physical examination == Physical examination is important for determining the volume status of the patient. A patient with peripheral pitting oedema, pulmonary crackles on auscultation, elevated jugular pressure, hepatosplenomegaly and/or a recent increase in body weight has fluid overload (hypervolaemia). ==...") Tag: Visual edit
11:19, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Epidemiology, pathophysiological background, types and clinical syndromes of heart failure (Created page with "Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the patient has symptoms and/or signs of insufficient cardiac output and/or backwards congestion. This is due to an underlying decrease in systolic or diastolic function of the heart. Decreased systolic function refers to decreased ability of the heart to eject blood, reflected as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (<abbr>LVEF</abbr>, usually shortened to simply EF). Decreased diastolic function refers to decreased...") Tag: Visual edit
11:18, 8 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease, medical follow-up of patients after a myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation (Created page with "Everyone who’ve underwent an acute myocardial infarction will be taking multiple medications as secondary prevention for future AMIs, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular disease. Most of them must be taken indefinitely. * Medications to be taken indefinitely ** Aspirin (75 mg) – in all cases ** High intensity statin (40 – 80 mg atorvastatin or 20 – 40 mg rosuvastatin) – in all...") Tag: Visual edit
20:03, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. The non-pharmacological treatment of ischemic heart disease (percutaneous coronary interventions, stent implantation, coronary bypass operation) (Created page with "= Percutaneous coronary intervention = Percutaneous coronary intervention (<abbr>PCI</abbr>) refers to the use of balloon angioplasty with or without placement of a stent during coronary angiography, a minimally invasive procedure. If a significant coronary stenosis is discovered during coronary angiography, it can be revascularized during the same procedure, in which case it is known as PCI. During balloon angioplasty, a balloon is inflated in the stenosis to widen the...") Tag: Visual edit
20:01, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. The types of acute coronary syndromes, their clinical features, complications, diagnosis and treatment (Created page with "= Acute coronary syndrome = Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. ACS is used as an initial working diagnosis until an ECG and troponin level has been performed, which will decide which type of ACS the patient has. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * File:Types of ACS.gif|thumb|Types of ACS. From <nowiki>https://www.oat...") Tag: Visual edit
19:58, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Time course of troponin.png
19:58, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Time course of troponin.png
19:57, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of ACS.gif
19:57, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of ACS.gif
19:56, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. The syndromes of ischemic heart disease and their differential diagnostics (Created page with "== Syndromes of ischaemic heart disease == Ischaemic heart disease includes the following syndromes: * Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) ** ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ** Non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) *** Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) *** Unstable angina (UA/UAP) * Chronic coronary syndrome (<abbr>CCS</abbr>) ** Effort angina/stable angina ** CCS with “anginal equivalent” ** Vasospastic angina/Prinzmetal angina ** Silent i...") Tag: Visual edit
19:54, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Epidemiology, risk factors and primary prevention of ischemic heart disease (Created page with "Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term ''coronary artery disease'' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re often used interchangeably. We can distinguish acute and chronic ischaemic heart disease. Acute ischaemic heart disease is referred to as acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>). Chronic ischaemic h...") Tag: Visual edit
19:52, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Treatment of syncope and sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis and treatment. Cardopulmonary resuscitation (Created page with "= Syncope = Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness and muscle tone which occurs suddenly, and which resolves spontaneously. It occurs when there is a transient global cerebral hypoperfusion. Syncope is one of multiple causes of ''transient loss of consciousness'' (TLOC): * Syncope ** Cardiac syncope ** Reflex syncope *** Vasovagal syncope *** Carotid sinus syndrome ** Orthostatic syncope * Epileptic seizures * Head trauma * Psychogenic conditions that cause TLOC...") Tag: Visual edit
19:50, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Non-pharmacological therapy of arrhythmias and conduction disorders (Created page with "== Cardioversion == Cardioversion or electrical conversion refers to giving electrical shock to a patient with an arrhythmia to restore sinus rhythm. It can be done acutely in case of emergencies, or electively in cases where pharmacological treatment of the arrhythmia hasn’t had satisfactory effect. Cardioversion is, unlike defibrillation, synchronised. This means that the device gives a shock exactly when the cardiac cycle is at the R wave of a QRS complex. This pre...") Tag: Visual edit
19:48, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Preexcitation syndromes, diagnosis and treatment (Created page with "== Preexcitation syndromes == Preexcitation syndromes are characterised by earlier-than-normal depolarisation of the ventricles due to an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses part of the conduction system. The most important one is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), but others exist as well, like Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. Only WPW will be discussed here. == Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome == The WPW pattern is characterised by the presence of an accessory co...") Tag: Visual edit
19:46, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Blocks and conduction disorders, diagnosis and drug treatment (Created page with "= Atrioventricular blocks = Atrioventricular (AV) block is characterised by a partial or complete block of conduction from the atria to the ventricles, usually at the level of the AV node. There are multiple different types, but the major causes of all are similar: * Idiopathic * Myocarditis * Hyperkalaemia * Drugs slowing AV node conduction (beta blockers, digoxin, CCBs) * Ischaemic heart disease * Hypothyroidism * Infiltrative heart diseases (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis)...") Tag: Visual edit
19:45, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Ventricular arrhythmias, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Ventricular arrhythmias are those which originate from the ventricles. They include the following: * Ventricular premature beats * Ventricular tachycardia * Ventricular fibrillation == Ventricular premature beats == Ventricular premature beats, also called ventricular extrasystoles (<abbr>VES</abbr>) are caused by ectopic foci in the ventricles. They are relatively common and rarely cause symptoms. On the ECG they’re characterised by wide QRS and the lack of a preced...") Tag: Visual edit
19:43, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Supraventricular arrhythmias, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Supraventricular arrhythmias are those which originate from the SA node, atria, or AV junction. They include the following: * Sinus arrhythmias ** Sinus bradycardia ** Sinus tachycardia ** Sick sinus syndrome * Supraventricular premature beats * Atrial tachycardia * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) * AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) = Atrial fibrillation = Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is the most important supraventricular ar...") Tag: Visual edit
19:41, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Internal Medicine (POTE course) (Created page with "Category:6th year") Tag: Visual edit
19:41, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:6th year (Created page with "Category:Pages by POTE course") Tag: Visual edit
19:39, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29B. Conversion disorders (Created page with "Conversion disorder, also called functional neurological symptom disorder, refers to when a patient has neurological symptoms which cannot be fully explained by an organic neurological condition. The name comes from the theory that the patient subconsciously “converts” psychological distress neurological symptoms. Symptoms are involuntary responses to internal or external triggers, and so they are not under conscious control (in which case it would be malingering or...") Tag: Visual edit
19:38, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 29A. Restless-legs syndrome (Created page with "Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a waking sensorimotor disorder characterised by a complaint of a strong, nearly irresistible urge to move the legs, especially during the night, potentially impairing sleep. Most cases are familial, but it can also be secondary to: * Iron deficiency * Uraemia * Radiculopathy * Neuropathy * Drugs (antipsychotics, antihistamines) == Clinical features == Unpleasant sensations in the legs are present, which give a strong urge to move them....") Tag: Visual edit
19:38, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28B. Choreas, Huntington disease (Created page with "= Chorea = Chorea refers to involuntary, sudden, irregular, nonrepetitive, arrhythmic movements of limbs or head. This is usually due to increased dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia. The name comes from the Greek word “to dance”, referring to how the movements have a dance-like appearance. == Etiology == * Huntington disease * Sydenham chorea (chorea minor) * Wilson disease * Levodopa * Stroke Huntington disease is the most common cause of chorea. Syde...") Tag: Visual edit
19:37, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 28A. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (Created page with "Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterised by repetitive episodes of apnoea or hypopnea lasting > 10 seconds. These episodes are caused by upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep, and result in reductions in blood oxygen saturation. The hypoxaemia triggers the sympathetic nervous system, briefly arousing the person from sleep. Central sleep apnoea is related but not the same. In central sleep apnoea, there is no obstruction but the respiratory centre stops...") Tag: Visual edit
19:36, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27B. Wilson’s disease (Created page with "Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterised by the toxic accumulation of copper in the liver and central nervous system that may present with hepatic, neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms can begin any time in the age of 5 – 35 years. == Pathomechanism == A mutation in the ATP7B gene, a copper transporter causes decreased copper excretion and decreased incorporation of copper into apoceruloplasmin, thereby causing...") Tag: Visual edit
19:35, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 27A. Ischemic stroke (Created page with "Ischaemic stroke is the most common form of stroke, and accounts for 80% of stroke cases. It occurs due to anaemic infarction of the brain, but the underlying cause of the necrosis depends on the type of stroke. We can differentiate six types according to etiology: * Large artery stroke * Small artery/lacunar stroke * Embolic stroke * Watershed stroke * Cryptogenic stroke * Stroke due to non-atherosclerotic vascular disease Symptoms of anterior and posterior circulati...") Tag: Visual edit
19:31, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26B. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (Created page with "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, also called funicular myelosis, is a degeneration of the dorsal and lateral white matter of the spinal cord which occurs due to chronic B12 deficiency. The spinocerebellar, lateral corticospinal, and dorsal columns are affected. == Clinical features == The patient has loss of deep sensation, vibration, and position sense. Sensory ataxia is also present. == Diagnosis and evaluation == Megaloblastic anaemia may be prese...") Tag: Visual edit
19:31, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 26A. Symptoms of insufficient blood circulation in vertebrobasilar territory (+ the posterior circulation) (Created page with "''For introduction to stroke symptoms, see topic 16A.'' The posterior circulation supplies the brain stem and thalamus (+ cerebellum and occipital cortex), and as such may produce a larger variety of symptoms than anterior circulation strokes. == Symptoms of insufficient blood supply of the vertebrobasilar artery territory == * Vertigo * Diplopia * Dysarthria * Uni/bilateral sensory loss * Uni/bilateral paresis/plaegia * Bilateral visual changes/hemianopia * Altered c...") Tag: Visual edit
19:30, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (Created page with "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a prion disease of the brain. This disease is characterised by a long incubation period, progressive dementia, neurological deficits, and is always fatal. Transmission may be by direct contact with infected nervous tissue or blood. Confirmation is by pathological examination of the brain. There are multiple types: * Sporadic CJD (90% of cases) – due to sporadic mutations in the PRNP gene * Familial CJD – due to familial mutations...") Tag: Visual edit
19:28, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25A. Focal dystonias (Created page with "A dystonia is a movement disorder with sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements or postures. It can be focal, segmental, or generalised, it can be early-onset or late-onset, and it can be primary or secondary. == Etiology == Most dystonias are idiopathic, but some are familiar or secondary to CNS injury or neurodegeneration. == Classification == Dystonias are often classified according to etiology, age of onset, and distribution: * Acco...") Tag: Visual edit
19:27, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24B. Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (Created page with "== Symptoms of increased <abbr>ICP</abbr> == * Reduced level of consciousness * Headache and nausea, especially in the morning * Papilloedema -> blurred vision * Abducent palsy -> diplopia * Cushing triad/reflex ** Hypertension ** Bradycardia ** Irregular respiration == Management of increased ICP == Besides treating the underlying cause, there are several ways to decrease ICP: * Head elevation to 30° * Mannitol i.v. * Hypertonic saline infusion * Controlled hyperven...") Tag: Visual edit
19:26, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24A. Paraneoplastic nervous system diseases (Created page with "Paraneoplastic nervous system diseases occur in 1 – 3% of patients with cancer. They often develop before the cancer diagnosis. They usually occur because the tumour expresses antigens which are structurally similar to antigens on neurons (molecular mimicry). Antineuronal antibodies are often present in the serum and CSF. It’s important to recognise these diseases because they can give earlier diagnosis of the tumour and because their prognosis is better the earlier...") Tag: Visual edit
19:24, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23B. Nervous system metastases (Created page with "Brain metastases are the most common form of adult brain tumour, and they occur in approx. 30% of people with cancer. In 70% of cases there are multiple brain metastases rather than single ones. The development of brain metastasis considerably worsens the patient’s condition and prognosis. Brain metastases is rare in paediatric cancers. == Etiology == * Lung cancer (most common) * Breast cancer * Melanoma * Lymphoma == Clinical features == The symptoms are as for ot...") Tag: Visual edit