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- 13:18, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:One compartment model.png
- 13:18, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:One compartment model.png
- 13:17, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Zero-order kinetics with arithmetic y-axis.png
- 13:17, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Zero-order kinetics with arithmetic y-axis.png
- 13:16, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:First-order elimination with arithmetic y-axis.png
- 13:16, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:First-order elimination with arithmetic y-axis.png
- 13:15, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Excretion of drugs (Created page with "== Summary == * Drugs can be excreted mainly by renal excretion or by biliary excretion * Drugs with renal excretion above 100 mL/min are secreted to some extent * The excretion of weak acidic drugs can be enhanced by administering NaHCO3 * The excretion of weak basic drugs can be enhanced by administering NH4Cl == Drug elimination == ''When we talk about elimination of drugs we focus on the parent drug. That means that excretion and biotransformation of the parent dru...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:14, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Clearance ladle figure.png
- 13:14, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Clearance ladle figure.png
- 13:13, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Biotransformation of drugs (Created page with "== Summary == * The body metabolizes drugs in two steps; phase I and phase II * Phase I, where the drug is oxidized, reduced or hydrolysed to yield an -OH group ** The most important enzymes in phase I reactions are the CYP450 enzymes, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, etc * Phase II, where the enzyme attaches a chemical group to the -OH group on the drug ** The important enzymes here are ''transferases'', enzymes which conjugate the drug with a chemical group *...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:12, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Biotransformation of paracetamol.png
- 13:12, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Biotransformation of paracetamol.png
- 13:10, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Mechanisms of biotransformation.png
- 13:10, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Mechanisms of biotransformation.png
- 13:07, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Distribution of drugs (Created page with "== Summary == * Certain drugs are bound to proteins in the plasma, mostly albumin * Drugs that have extensive plasma protein binding have: ** Delayed onset of effect ** Longer duration * Volume of distribution (Vd) illustrates where in the body the drug is distributed (i.e. only in plasma, in plasma and interstitium, plasma + interstitium + intracellular or inside tissues) ** The higher the Vd value for the drug, the more fluid spaces the drug distributes itself into **...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:07, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Volume of distribution per drug.png
- 13:07, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Volume of distribution per drug.png
- 13:03, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Absorption of drugs (Created page with "== Summary == * The following factors influence <abbr>GI</abbr> tract absorption: GI motility, gastric emptying, luminal pH, the presence of food together with the drug * Drugs which are weak acids (aspirin) are absorbed in the stomach * Drugs which are weak bases (amphetamine) are absorbed in small intestine * Absorption of lipophilic drugs increases with a fat-rich meal * Hydrophilic drugs must be absorbed with fascilitated diffusion * Calcium intake impairs absorptio...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:02, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:First pass metabolism red and blue.png
- 13:02, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:First pass metabolism red and blue.png
- 13:00, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:First pass metabolism figure 1.png
- 13:00, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:First pass metabolism figure 1.png
- 12:57, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Transport of drugs across membranes (Created page with "Drugs are transported across membranes all the time. They can either diffuse freely across the lipid matrix or they can be carried across the membrane by specific transporters. Let’s look at them. ''Very few drugs travel across membranes by aquaporins and endocytosis, but they’re not that important and I’ll ignore them.'' ''You don’t need to know any of the drug examples here for pharmacology 1, however you should know some for the final exam. You probably don...") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Mechanisms of drug antagonisms (Created page with "== Summary == * Competitive antagonism is when the antagonist binds to the same binding site on the receptor as the agonist or endogenous ligand. This binding can be reversible or irreversible. * Allosteric antagonism is when the antagonist binds to an allosteric binding site on the receptor, decreasing the effect of the agonist * Antagonism by inhibiton of signal transduction is when the antagonist inhibits the signal transduction pathway of the agonist * Functional an...") Tag: Visual edit
- 12:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Margin of safety figure.png
- 12:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Margin of safety figure.png
- 12:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Irreversible competitive antagonist drug-occupancy curves with antagonist.png
- 12:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Irreversible competitive antagonist drug-occupancy curves with antagonist.png
- 12:53, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Irreversible competitive antagonist drug-response curves.png
- 12:53, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Irreversible competitive antagonist drug-response curves.png
- 12:52, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:PA2 equation.png
- 12:52, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:PA2 equation.png
- 12:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Schild equation.png
- 12:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Schild equation.png
- 12:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Competitive antagonist drug-response curves.png
- 12:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Competitive antagonist drug-response curves.png
- 20:27, 14 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bipolar disorder (Created page with "Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disorder characterised by the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes, with or without depressive episodes as well. It's a chronic disorder in which the patient experiences periods of remission with occasional above-mentioned episodes. One distinguishes two major types of bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar I is the most severe, characterised by episodes of mania, while bipolar II disorder is les...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:26, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Significance of signal transduction mechanisms in the effects of drugs. Tachyphylaxis and tolerance to drugs (Created page with "We already went through the basic mechanisms of drug action in topic 3. Here we will discuss their signal mechanisms. The topic is mostly repetition of biochemistry 1 and 2. == Receptor types == === Ionotropic receptor === thumb|324x324px|Structure of ionotropic receptors Ionotropic receptors, more commonly known as ''ligand-gated ion-channels'', are ion channels that are opened when a ligand binds to it. This type of receptor...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:25, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Smooth muscle contraction signal transduction.png
- 14:25, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Smooth muscle contraction signal transduction.png
- 14:25, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cardiac muscle contraction signal transduction.png
- 14:25, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cardiac muscle contraction signal transduction.png
- 14:24, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Function of adenylyl cyclase.png
- 14:24, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Function of adenylyl cyclase.png
- 14:23, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ionotropic receptor structue.png
- 14:23, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ionotropic receptor structue.png
- 14:22, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Characterisation of agonist-receptor interaction. Occupancy, affinity, dose-response curve, potency, efficacy (Created page with "A quick summary: * Occupancy shows the fraction of the total number of receptors in the tissue that is occupied by the drug. It’s determined by the constant ''p.'' * A drug’s affinity to its receptor is determined by the constant Kd. When Kd is low is the affinity high. A high affinity is always good and has no drawbacks. * Efficacy is a measure of how “effective” the drug is. It measures how large of a cellular response the drug can induce in the tissue, which...") Tag: Visual edit
- 14:21, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Occupancy-response plot.png
- 14:21, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Occupancy-response plot.png
- 14:21, 10 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Concentration-response curve.png
