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08:10, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:B cell development.png
20:44, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Concordance (Created page with "Concordance refers to the probability of two people in a pair having a certain phenotype (like a disorder) given that one of the two in the pair has it. It's commonly used to showcase how strong a genetic component is in a certain disorder. The "pair" mentioned is usually a pair of monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins are often compared, as monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share 50% of their genes. If there's higher...") Tag: Visual edit
20:37, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Schizophrenia (Created page with "Schizophrenia is a disorder characterised by chronic or recurrent psychosis, often with impairments in social and occupational functioning. It's a common disorder in psychiatry and a major cause of disability worldwide. The prevalence is approximately 1%, and it affects men slightly more often than women. The name comes from the Greek words "to split" (schizo) and "mind" (fren). == Etiology == The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown, but it's bel...") Tag: Visual edit
19:35, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Psychiatry (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Organization and rearrangement of the antigen receptor genes (Created page with "== Organization and recombination of the immunoglobulin genes, VDJ recombination == For the adaptive immune system to work, each individual B-cell has to create different antibodies that can bind to different antigens, so that when a pathogen invades, at least one antibody can bind to one of the pathogen’s antigens. Because antibodies are just protein transcribed from DNA, the immunoglobulin-coding gene in each B-cell must be slightly different. This is done by recombi...") Tag: Visual edit
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ig heavy gene after recombination.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ig heavy gene after recombination.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ig heavy chain gene.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ig heavy chain gene.png
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Inflammatory reaction (Created page with "Activating the immune system eventually causes an inflammatory reaction, but how is it activated? Pathogens enters the body through an epithelial surface and are then taken up by blood or lymph. If taken up by blood, the blood will eventually reach the spleen, where erythrocytes meet leukocytes, so the leukocytes can recognize an antigen on the pathogen to start the immune reaction. If the pathogen is taken up by lymph, it will travel to a secondary lymphoid organ, most...") Tag: Visual edit
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Acute phase reaction.png
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Acute phase reaction.png
16:48, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Extravasation.jpg
16:48, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Extravasation.jpg
16:46, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Innate immunity, pattern recognition (Created page with "thumb|371x371px|The most important components of the first line of defence. Note that most of the “chemical” components are antimicrobial peptides We often think of “immunity” to only be about T-cells, B-cells and cytokines. But the first line of defence against pathogens is something much simpler, which also stops most of threats. This first line of defence are the anatomical barriers of your body. Every body sur...") Tag: Visual edit
16:45, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Phagocytosis.png
16:45, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Phagocytosis.png
16:44, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:First line of immune system defence.png
16:44, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:First line of immune system defence.png
16:43, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Communication between cellular components of the immune system (Created page with "Many different types of molecules facilitate communication between cells. == Adhesion molecules == Adhesion molecules make it possible for two cells to communicate directly. Like a form of “handshake”, two cells each contain molecules that bind to each other and induce changes inside the cell. This interaction does not always depend on antigens. There are five families of adhesion molecules. === Ig-superfamily === The first family is the Ig-superfamily. It contains...") Tag: Visual edit
16:41, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Recognition molecules, MHC molecules (Created page with "While B-cells can bind free antigens in the blood and tissues, T-cell receptors can only bind to antigens that are being presented to them by other cells. This means that a T-cell cannot recognize a bacterium or virus floating past; some other cell has to digest the bacterium or virus and then ''present'' a small part of it, an antigen, from the pathogen to the T-cell for it to be activated. == Major histocompatibility complex == A protein called major histocompatibilit...") Tag: Visual edit
16:40, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC II presentation.png
16:40, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC II presentation.png
16:40, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC II structure.png
16:40, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC II structure.png
16:39, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC I presentation.png
16:39, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC I presentation.png
16:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:MHC I structure.png
16:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:MHC I structure.png
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Molecular components of the immune systems (Created page with "== Antibodies == An antibody or immunoglobulin is a molecule found in the body that binds to antigens on pathogens. It does this to make it easier for the body and immune cells to get rid of the pathogens. The specific ways the immunoglobulin do this is written in more detail in topic 13. The antibodies are the main component of the humoral (non-cellular) immune response, a part of the adaptive immune response. Antibodies are basically receptors; they are proteins that...") Tag: Visual edit
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T cell receptor.png
16:08, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T cell receptor.png
16:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CDR on antibody.png
16:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CDR on antibody.png
16:06, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immunoglobulin structure.png
16:06, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immunoglobulin structure.png
16:05, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antigen vs epitope.png
16:05, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antigen vs epitope.png
16:03, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Introduction to immunology (Created page with "== Antigen == An antigen is any molecule that can be recognized by special receptors on the T and B-cells or antibodies, and they induce either an immune response or immune tolerance. The last part is important, because an antigen isn’t just something foreign that triggers an immune attack. We mostly think of antigens as something that’s only found on pathogens like bacteria or viruses. However, every protein in your body is an antigen, but none of the proteins in yo...") Tag: Visual edit
16:01, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Basic Immunology lectures (Created page with "Category:Basic Immunology") Tag: Visual edit
16:00, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cytokines (Created page with "The cytokines and effects which are bolded are the most important. {| class="wikitable" !Cytokine !Produced by which cell? !Effects |- |<abbr>'''IL-1'''</abbr> |Macrophages |'''Inflammatory, acute phase reaction''' |- |'''IL-2''' |Th1 |'''Induce T-cell proliferation, activate CTL cells, induce Th ⇒ Treg,''' |- |IL-3 |Th2 |Myeloid lineage stimulator |- |'''IL-4''' |Th2, mast cells, NK cells, dendritic cells |'''Anti-inflammatory.''' Activate mast cells, induce isotype s...") Tag: Visual edit
15:59, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ELISA, ELISPOT, dot blot, Western Blot (Created page with "ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. It is a quantitative method, which means that it can be used to accurately determine the concentrations of the investigated molecule. It works similarly to immunohistochemistry, in that we use antibodies that are bound to an enzyme. This antibody binds to the antigen we want to investigate, and the enzyme will catalyse the conversion of a non-colorful chromogen to a colourful molecule. The light absorption can be measur...") Tag: Visual edit
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Flow cytometry (Created page with "Cytometry means the analysis of certain properties of cells, like the number of cells, their size, the presence of certain cell surface proteins on them or inside the cell and so on. This technique is called flow cytometry because it lets cells flow through a very small tube and uses this to analyse their properties. Let’s say we’d like to analyse the size of a bunch of cells in a Petri dish. We put these cells into a flow cytometer, which will direct the cells into...") Tag: Visual edit
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot 3.png
15:58, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot 3.png
15:57, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot 2.png
15:57, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot 2.png
15:56, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Flow cytometry dot plot.png
15:56, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Flow cytometry dot plot.png
15:55, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Immunohistochemistry, fluoresence microscopy (Created page with "== Immunohistochemistry == thumb|241x241px|This is IHC. Both slides are of a breast cancer. The upper cancer is positive for an antigen called HER2, while the lower cancer is negative for the same antigen. The treatments will therefore be different. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) uses the antigen-antibody interaction to detect a specific antigen in a tissue. We add an antibody that has an enzyme attached to it to the tissue. We also...") Tag: Visual edit