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14:32, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Cerebral atrophy (Created page with "'''Organ''': Brain '''Description''': The occipital lobe and a frontal slice of the brain can be seen. The sulci are wider than normal, and the gyri are narrower than normal. From the back you can see that the ventricles are also larger. '''Diagnosis''': Cerebral atrophy '''Causes''': * Vascular encephalopathy (= Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels) * Alzheimer’s disease * Huntington’s disease * Multiple sclerosis * Epilepsy * Anorexia '''Theory''': In additio...") Tag: Visual edit
14:32, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cerebral atrophy prep.jpg
14:32, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cerebral atrophy prep.jpg
14:31, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Nodular calcified aortic stenosis (Created page with "'''Organ''': Aortic valve '''Description''': The superior aspect of the preparation is the aortic surface of the valve. The inferior aspect is the ventricular surface. On the inferior surface the valve has an abnormally small diameter, and small, nodular calcified foci can be seen. '''Diagnosis''': Nodular calcified aortic stenosis '''Causes''': * Not significant '''Theory''': Aortic stenosis is a type of dystrophic calcification. The aortic valve is normally tr...") Tag: Visual edit
14:30, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Calcified aortic stenosis prep.jpg
14:30, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Calcified aortic stenosis prep.jpg
14:30, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Table of frequent bilestones (Created page with "This is on the topic list, but it’s not a prep you can get on the exam. In either case, I have no information regarding it. Category:Pathology 1 - Macropreparations") Tag: Visual edit
14:29, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis and empyema (Created page with "'''Organ''': Gallbladder '''Description''': In the cystic duct (on the top) there is a large gallstone. The gallbladder itself is white, has a thick wall and is fragile (not noticeable when in glass of course). '''Diagnosis''': Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, empyema '''Risk factors:''' See theoretical topic 15. '''Theory''': The consequences of gallstone depend on where it is stuck. If it is stuck inside the gallbladder or in the cystic duct, the consequen...") Tag: Visual edit
14:29, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Porcelain gallbladder.png
14:29, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Porcelain gallbladder.png
14:24, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Systemic amyloidosis (Created page with "'''Organ''': Kidney, liver, pancreas (or spleen) '''Description''': The preparation contains slices of kidney (left), liver (centre), pancreas (right). All three organs have a greyish-whitish and have a rubber-like look. '''Diagnosis''': Systemic amyloidosis '''Causes''': * Systemic AL-type (primary amyloidosis) ** Plasma cell tumour * Systemic AA-type (secondary amyloidosis) ** Chronic inflammation ** Inflammatory bowel disorders ** Tuberculosis ** Rheumatoid arthr...") Tag: Visual edit
14:24, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Systemic amyloidosis back.jpg
14:24, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Systemic amyloidosis back.jpg
14:24, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Systemic amyloidosis front.jpg
14:24, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Systemic amyloidosis front.jpg
14:21, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Haemochromatosis (Created page with "'''Organ''': Liver, small intestine, kidney '''Description''': We can see a slice of liver in the front, a piece of small intestine behind it, and a kidney in the bottom. The organs are blue or bluish. The liver is especially blue. '''Diagnosis''': Haemochromatosis '''Causes''': * For primary haemochromatosis: ** HFE-gene missense mutation * For secondary haemochromatosis: ** Haemolysis (autoimmune hemolytic anaemia) ** Repeated blood transfusions ** Massively incre...") Tag: Visual edit
14:21, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haemochromatosis preparation.png
14:21, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haemochromatosis preparation.png
14:12, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Aortic atherosclerosis with aneurysm (Created page with "'''Organ''': Abdominal aorta '''Description''': Atherosclerotic plaques are visible in the whole preparation. Atherosclerosis can have a yellowish micromorphology. In the middle there are remnants of a thrombus. In the lower part the dilated portion shows an aneurysm '''Diagnosis''': Atherosclerosis with aneurysm '''Risk factors:''' * Smoking * Hypertension * Hypercholesteremia * Diabetes '''Theory''': Atherosclerosis is the disease where plaque builds up in your...") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Aortic aneurysm.jpg
14:12, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Aortic aneurysm.jpg
14:11, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Steatosis hepatis (Created page with "'''Organ''': Liver '''Description''': The liver is yellowish. The organ is enlarged but that’s hard to see. '''Diagnosis''': Hepatic steatosis '''Causes''': See the corresponding histology slide. '''Theory''': The weight of the organ is increased from the normal 1500g to 3000-4000g. See the corresponding histology slide. ''No photograph unfortunately.''") Tag: Visual edit
14:10, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Acute pancreatitis with adiponecrosis (Created page with "'''Organ''': Pancreas '''Description''': We can see blackish areas on the pancreas. Also visible are small, chalky whitish spots. '''Diagnosis''': Acute pancreatitis with adiponecrosis '''Causes''': * See histology slide number 6. '''Theory''': Pancreatic lipases will split triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol. The free fatty acids will react with nearby calcium to form soap, the whitish spots on the preparation. This soap formation is characteristic for...") Tag: Visual edit
14:07, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Cerebral abscess (Created page with "'''Organ''': Brain '''Description''': We can see a cavity in the brain with a bright-greyish lining around it. Pus is not visible, as it’s been cut out. Do not mix the abscess with the lateral ventricle. '''Diagnosis''': Cerebral abscess '''Causes''': * Systemic spreading of infection * Local spreading of infection, from: ** Rhinosinusitis ** Otitis media '''Theory''': The lining around the cavity is the pyogenic membrane, a membrane that is found at the outer b...") Tag: Visual edit
14:06, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Cerebral abscess.jpg
14:06, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Cerebral abscess.jpg
14:06, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Gangraena sicca of the toes (Created page with "'''Organ''': Toes '''Description''': We can see an amputated foot. The fourth toe is blackish-yellowish-greyish in color. '''Diagnosis''': Dry gangrene / gangraena sicca of the toes '''Causes''': * Atherosclerosis * Untreated diabetes * Hypertension '''Theory''': Gangrene has two phases, dry (sicca) and wet (humida). Gangrene will become wet if there is a bacterial infection on top of the dry gangrene. Despite how dry gangrene is classified as coagulative type of...") Tag: Visual edit
14:05, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Dry gangrene of the toes.jpg
14:05, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Dry gangrene of the toes.jpg
14:04, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Phthisis renalis (caseation) (Created page with "'''Organ''': Kidney '''Description''': The kidney is largely unrecognizable, however the ureter on the back confirms the organ. From the side we can see that the kidney is basically hollow. The parenchyme has been replaced by a large cavity. '''Diagnosis''': Phtisis renalis '''Causes''': * Post-primary endogenous reactivation tuberculosis '''Theory''': This preparation is best understood during the inflammation chapter. The word ''phtisis'' means ''wasting away''...") Tag: Visual edit
14:03, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Phthisis renalis back.jpg
14:03, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Phthisis renalis back.jpg
14:03, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Phthisis renalis front.jpg
14:03, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Phthisis renalis front.jpg
14:02, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine (Created page with "'''Organ''': Small intestine '''Description''': The description is simple. You can see a small part of the small intestine. The infarcted part is blackish and distended, meaning that the diameter of the lumen is increased. '''Diagnosis''': Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine '''Causes''': * Thrombus in mesenteric artery * Occlusion of portal vein by thrombus or embolus. * Incarcerated hernia * Volvulus * Invagination * Strangulation '''Theory''': If the po...") Tag: Visual edit
14:01, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine.jpg
14:01, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine.jpg
14:01, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Anaemic infarct of the spleen and splenomegaly (Created page with "'''Organ''': Spleen '''Description''': The infarcted parts are greyish, dry and fragile, and are often dome or triangle-shaped. The spleen is also enlarged compared to normal. '''Diagnosis''': Anaemic infarct of the spleen, splenomegaly '''Causes''': * Anaemic infarct ** Embolization from the systemic circulation (as opposed to the pulmonary circulation). Most commonly from the heart. ** A thrombus which formed inside the artery. ** Vasculitis (rare). * Splenomegaly...") Tag: Visual edit
14:00, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Anaemic infarction of the spleen.jpg
14:00, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Anaemic infarction of the spleen.jpg
13:55, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Anaemic infarct of the heart (Created page with "'''Organ''': Heart (slice) '''Description''': We can see two different slices of the heart in different levels. The bottom is the best for this diagnosis. On the left side, on the lateral wall we can see some pathology. There’s some black discoloration with a white layer around it. Around the white layer you can (kinda-sorta, in theory) see a reddish zone around the white. (The greenish area with something black inside is just an artefact from when they attached the...") Tag: Visual edit
13:55, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Anaemic infarct of the heart.jpg
13:55, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Anaemic infarct of the heart.jpg
13:54, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. Postmortem emphysema of the liver (Created page with "'''Organ:''' Liver '''Description:''' The liver appears to have several "holes". Pseudomelanosis can also be seen on the preparation. Pseudomelanosis is a green discoloration that can be found in certain organs, most commonly the gastrointestinal tract and the liver surface, but also in the skin and on the surface of the spleen. It’s caused by the same H2S gas that causes liver emphysema. This gas reacts with the iron atom in haemoglobin, which forms a compound calle...") Tag: Visual edit
13:53, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Postmortem emphysema of the liver.jpg
13:53, 22 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Postmortem emphysema of the liver.jpg
19:43, 19 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology 1 - Macropreparations (Created page with "Category:Pathology 1") Tag: Visual edit
19:41, 19 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Lepidic adenocarcinoma (Created page with "'''Staining''': HE '''Organ''': Lung '''Description''': The slide has two zones. The lower zone shows healthy, unaffected lung parenchyme. The upper zone shows normal structure of the alveoli, however the insides of the alveoli are lined by tumor cells. '''Diagnosis''': Lepidic adenocarcinoma '''Causes''': * Genetic mutations ** EGFR ** KRAS ** ALK ** PDL-1 '''Theory''': Five types of lung adenocarcinomas exist: * Papillary type * Acinar type * Solid type * Mic...") Tag: Visual edit
19:41, 19 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lepidic adenocarcinoma lung pleomorphism.png
19:41, 19 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lepidic adenocarcinoma lung pleomorphism.png