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12:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (Created page with "'''Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome''' (NSTE-ACS) is an umbrella term for '''non-ST elevation myocardial infarction''' (NSTEMI) and unstable angina. They're two forms of acute coronary syndrome characterised by the lack of ST elevations. An '''non-ST elevation myocardial infarction''' (NSTEMI) is a clinical form of acute myocardial infarction and one form of acute coronary syndrome. It is defined as the presence of ischaemic symptoms, lack of ST-elevations...") Tag: Visual edit
11:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Created page with "An '''ST-elevation myocardial infarction''' (STEMI) is a clinical form of acute myocardial infarction and one form of acute coronary syndrome. It is defined as the presence of ischaemic symptoms, ST-elevations in a pattern consistent with the blood supply of one coronary artery and a rise and/or fall in troponin levels. Ischaemic symptoms are classically angina, but may also be dyspnoea, nausea, sweating, anxiety, or non-anginal chest pain. For...") Tag: Visual edit
11:08, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "'''Acute myocardial infarction''' (AMI), sometimes called a '''heart attack''', is a life-threatening condition caused by ischaemia of the myocardium. == Pathomechanism == AMI occurs when a coronary atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, exposing the highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix of the plaque to the blood. The coagulation system is activated, resulting in a thrombus growing on the ruptured plaque and obstructing the blood flow. When the...") Tag: Visual edit
10:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute coronary syndrome (Created page with "'''Acute coronary syndrome''' (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. ACS is used as an initial working diagnosis until an ECG and troponin level has been performed, which will decide which type of ACS the patient has. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) ** Unstable...") Tag: Visual edit
10:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chest pain (Created page with "'''Chest pain''' is a common symptom and can occur due to a variety of disorders. '''Acute chest pain''' is a common cause of admission to the emergency department. Most cases are not life-threatening, but it’s important to rule out life-threatening causes. == Evaluation == Everyone who is admitted with acute chest pain get: * Blood test checking for troponins, D-dimer, amylase, + other general tests * ECG Further...") Tag: Visual edit
10:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ischaemic heart disease (Created page with "'''Ischaemic heart disease''' (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term '''coronary artery disease''' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re often used interchangeably. We can distinguish acute and chronic ischaemic heart disease. Acute ischaemic heart disease is referred to as acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>). Chr...") Tag: Visual edit
10:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic coronary syndrome (Created page with "Chronic ischaemic heart disease is referred to as '''chronic coronary syndrome''' (<abbr>CCS</abbr>) or stable ischaemic heart disease. These are chronic disorders caused by constant or recurring ischaemia of the heart, almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis. CCS includes the following disorders: * Effort angina/stable angina * CCS with “anginal equivalent” * Vasospastic angina/Prinzmetal angina * Silent ischaemia == Effort angina == Effort a...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sudden cardiac death (Created page with "'''Sudden cardiac death''' (<abbr>SCD</abbr>) is defined as unexpected death either: * Within 1 hour of cardiac symptom onset or: * Within 24 hours of having been observed alive and symptom free It is suspected that all cases of SCD occur due to ventricular arrhythmias, but the underlying cause of the arrhythmia can vary. SCD is due to an underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) in 80% of cases. It occurs most commonly due to: * Acute myocardial infarction...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Syncope (Created page with "'''Syncope''' is a transient loss of consciousness and muscle tone which occurs suddenly, and which resolves spontaneously due to a transient decrease in perfusion to the brain. Syncope is one of multiple causes of ''transient loss of consciousness'' (TLOC). The most common types of syncope are: * Cardiac syncope * Reflex syncope ** Vasovagal syncope ** Carotid sinus syndrome * Orthostatic syncope Cardiac syncope is a major risk factor for sudden cardiac death...") Tag: Visual edit
10:12, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Transient loss of consciousness (Created page with "When a person has a '''transient loss of consciousness''', it's important to determine the underlying cause. The most common causes are: * Syncope ** Cardiac syncope ** Reflex syncope *** Vasovagal syncope *** Carotid sinus syndrome ** Orthostatic syncope * Epileptic seizures * Head trauma * Psychogenic conditions that cause TLOC When a patient presents with TLOC it’s important to determine the cause. Category:Cardiology Category:N...") Tag: Visual edit
10:09, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (Created page with "'''Cardiac resynchronisation therapy''' (<abbr>CRT</abbr>) is used to treat heart failure when there is also a left bundle branch block present. Having a LBBB and heart failure worsens the heart failure because of the desynchronised contraction of the right and the left ventricle. The CRT device is a specialised pacemaker which ensures that the two ventricles contract synchronously. There exist CRT devices with ICD...") Tag: Visual edit
10:07, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (Created page with "'''Implantable cardioverter defibrillators''' (ICDs) are specialised devices which sense shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia) and immediately and automatically defibrillate the patient. They are used both for primary and for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, in patients who are at high risk for it. <abbr>ICD</abbr> is indicated for: * Primary prevention – for patients with symptomatic HF, Eje...") Tag: Visual edit
10:06, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Catheter ablation (Created page with "'''Catheter ablation''' refers to the use of catheters to “burn” (with radiofrequency) or “freeze” (with cryoablation) a part of the heart, with the goal of treating a tachyarrhythmia. The catheter is inserted by the Seldinger technique into a vein (like the femoral vein) and directed toward the heart. Once the catheter is in the heart the electrodes on the tip can be used to detect the area which is responsible for the arrhythmia, after which the same cathet...") Tag: Visual edit
10:05, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Tachyarrhythmia (Created page with "'''Tachyarrhythmias''' are arrhythmias characterised by tachycardia, a heart rate < 60/min. The most common examples are sinus tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardias like atrial fibrillation, AVNRT, and AVRT. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
10:01, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pacemaker (Created page with "'''Pacemakers''' (PMs) are used to treat bradyarrhythmias. These devices lie in a subcutaneous “pocket” on the chest and has electrodes going into the heart. The device either continuously paces the heart or paces the heart when it detects that the heart rate is going below a certain threshold, depending on the settings. The pacemaker can be put into a variety of different modes, each described by a three-letter code describing the function of th...") Tag: Visual edit
10:00, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bradyarrhythmia (Created page with "'''Bradyarrhythmias''' are arrhythmias characterised by bradycardia, a heart rate < 60/min. The most common examples are sinus bradycardia and sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
09:58, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardioversion (Created page with "'''Cardioversion''' or electrical conversion refers to giving electrical shock to a patient with an arrhythmia to restore sinus rhythm. It can be done acutely in case of emergencies, or electively in cases where pharmacological treatment of the arrhythmia hasn’t had satisfactory effect. Cardioversion is, unlike defibrillation, synchronised. This means that the device gives a shock exactly when the cardiac cycle is at the R wave of a QRS complex. This prevents the shoc...") Tag: Visual edit
09:51, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Created page with "The '''Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern''' is a preexcitation syndrome characterised by the presence of an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses the AV node, called the '''bundle of Kent'''. The AV node delays the conduction to the ventricles, but people with WPW have this accessory pathway which doesn’t have this built-in delay, so this accessory pathway causes the depolarisation of the ventricles to occur earlier. This is apparent on the ECG as the “delta wa...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Pre-excited atrial fibrillation (Created page with "Atrial fibrillation (or atrial flutter, or other atrial tachycardias) in the setting of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is dangerous as the accessory pathway allows atrial impulses to be conducted to the ventricles in a 1:1 ratio without the AV-node’s delay, causing a ventricular rate of 300 bpm or more, which can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. This is called '''pre-excited atrial fibrillation'''. The patient is usually...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (Created page with "'''Atrioventricular reciprocating/reentry tachycardia''' (AVRT) is a paroxysmal tachycardia characterised by the formation of a re-entry circuit consisting of the AV node and the accessory pathway, usually precipitated by a premature atrial beat. AVRT may be orthodromic, which is the case in 95% of cases, or antidromic, in the remaining cases. AVRT is most commonly seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. == Orthodromic AVRT == In...") Tag: Visual edit
09:41, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Preexcitation syndrome (Created page with "'''Preexcitation syndromes''' are characterised by earlier-than-normal depolarisation of the ventricles due to an accessory conduction pathway which bypasses part of the conduction system. The most important one is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), but others exist as well, like Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
09:40, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Right bundle branch block (Created page with "In '''right bundle branch block''' (RBBB) a block in the right bundle branch causes the right ventricle to depolarise later than the left. This causes certain characteristic ECG features. ==Etiology== See bundle branch block. In addition to the above mentioned etiologies, RBBB is associated with lung pathologies like pulmonary hypertension, embolism, or COPD. This is becaus...") Tag: Visual edit
09:39, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Left bundle branch block (Created page with "In '''left bundle branch block''' (LBBB) a block in the left bundle branch causes the left ventricle to depolarise later than the right. This causes certain characteristic ECG features. == Etiology == See bundle branch block. == Clinical features == The characteristic ECG features include: * Wide QRS (> 120 ms) * Wide and notched R wave in leads I, aVL, V5, V6 (forming an “M” shape) * Absent Q waves in leads I, aVL, V5, V6 * Deep (somet...") Tag: Visual edit
09:35, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Bundle branch block (Created page with "'''Bundle branch blocks''' are conduction blocks in the left or right bundle branches. The Bundle of His divides into the left bundle branch and right bundle branch. Blocks in these conducting pathways cause the depolarisation of part of the ventricle to occur later than the rest, resulting in a wide QRS complex. Bundle branch blocks rarely cause symptoms or need treatment in and of themselves, but they’re clinically significant in that they are often signs of heart d...") Tag: Visual edit
09:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrioventricular block (Created page with "'''Atrioventricular block''' (AV block) is characterised by a partial or complete block of conduction from the atria to the ventricles, usually at the level of the AV node. We distinguish multiple different types: * 1st degree AV block – the conduction of atrial impulses to the ventricles is delayed * 2nd degree AV block – some atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles ** Mobitz type I (Wenkebach) ** Mobitz type II * 3rd degree AV bloc...") Tag: Visual edit
09:33, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Escape rhythm (Created page with "An '''escape rhythm''' is a "backup rhythm" produced by the heart if the SA node fails to conduct impulses, either temporarily or permanently. To maintain cardiac output, another pacemaker focus in the heart takes over, and the resulting rhythm is called an escape rhythm. The focus with the highest frequency will be the dominant focus. Many foci can be the origin of an escape rhythm, usually The rate and morphology of the escape rhythm depends on where it originates...") Tag: Visual edit
08:57, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular fibrillation (Created page with "'''Ventricular fibrillation''' (VF or V-fib) is, like pulseless VT, a ventricular arrhythmia and an emergency which must be handled with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, as the patient has no cardiac output. Like VT, it most commonly occurs in diseased hearts. Sustained VT can quickly develop into ventricular fibrillation, as well. It invariably causes loss of consciousness and death if untreate...") Tag: Visual edit
08:56, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular tachycardia (Created page with "'''Ventricular tachycardia''' (VT, or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia which is most commonly a complication of ischaemic heart disease, but it can also occur due to electrolyte disturbances (most importantly hypokalaemia), myocarditis, and prolonged QT. It’s a wide QRS complex tachycardia that’s defined as 3 or more consecutive ventricular beats at a frequency of > 100/min. == Classif...") Tag: Visual edit
08:49, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular premature beats (Created page with "'''Ventricular premature beats''', also called '''ventricular extrasystoles''' (<abbr>VES</abbr>) are a form of ventricular arrhythmia caused by ectopic foci in the ventricles. They are relatively common and rarely cause symptoms. On the ECG they’re characterised by wide QRS and the lack of a preceding P wave. Asymptomatic persons don’t require treatment. Symptomatic persons and persons with many VES and underlying heart disease should re...") Tag: Visual edit
08:48, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Ventricular arrhythmias (Created page with "'''Ventricular arrhythmias''' are those which originate from the ventricles. They include the following: * Ventricular premature beats * Ventricular tachycardia * Ventricular fibrillation Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:47, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Supraventricular premature beats (Created page with "'''Supraventricular premature beats''', also called '''supraventricular extrasystoles''' (SVES), are atrial contractions triggered by ectopic foci in the atria or AV node. They include '''atrial premature beats''' and '''junctional premature beats'''. Supraventricular premature beats rarely cause symptoms and therefore rarely require treatment. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:46, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial tachycardia (Created page with "'''Atrial tachycardia''' is a supraventricular tachycardia characterised by tachycardia originating in the atria. It may be focal (originate from one focus in the atria) or multifocal (originate from multiple foci). The typical symptom is palpitations. In the focal type all P-waves have the same morphology, while in the multifocal type there are multiple P-wave morphologies. Atrial tachycardia is associated with heart surgery, like <abbr...") Tag: Visual edit
08:44, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sick sinus syndrome (Created page with "'''Sick sinus syndrome''' (SSS) or '''sinus node dysfunction''' (SND) refers to any condition where the SA node is dysfunctional. This causes intermittent sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses (pauses <3 seconds), sinus arrest (pauses >3 seconds), tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, chronotropic incompetence, or SA block. Patients present with intermittent complaints of fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, syncope, etc. SSS is...") Tag: Visual edit
08:42, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronotropic incompetence (Created page with "'''Chronotropic incompetence''' refers to when the heart cannot increase its heart rate sufficiently to meet the body's demand, for example during exercise or infection. It's seen in heart failure and sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:36, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sinus arrest (Created page with "'''Sinus arrest''' refers to a pause in SA node activity which lasts for > 3 seconds. It is seen in sick sinus syndrome. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:32, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Sinus bradycardia (Created page with "'''Sinus bradycardia''' is a sinus rhythm with < 60 bpm. It’s physiological in well-trained persons but can be pathological in some cases. Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
08:31, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AV reciprocating tachycardia (Created page with "'''AV reciprocating tachycardia''' (AVRT) occurs in patients with an accessory pathway which circumvents the AV node, which causes pre-excitation of the ventricles. This occurs most commonly in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It is triggered by a premature atrial or ventricular beat. Treatment involves ablation of the accessory pathway. In patients with WPW (but not currently in AVRT), pre-...") Tag: Visual edit
08:30, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page AV nodal reentry tachycardia (Created page with "'''AV nodal reentry tachycardia''' (AVNRT) is caused by the presence of an additional electrical pathway in the AV node, which forms a reentry circuit in the AV node. On the ECG there are fast, narrow, regular QRS complexes without normal P-waves. In some leads, small P-waves may be visible at the end of the QRS complex (retrograde P). AVNRT can often be terminated by vagal manoeuvres or adenosine. Some patients can be managed by only performing vagal manoeuvres...") Tag: Visual edit
08:29, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial flutter (Created page with "'''Atrial flutter''' is a supraventricular tachycardia and is generally managed similarly as atrial fibrillation, and in many cases it progresses to Afib. It requires anticoagulation and either rate or rhythm control. There are two types: * Typical atrial flutter * Atypical atrial flutter On the ECG, P-waves are replaced by F-waves which have a frequency of about 300/minute. There is a fixed pattern of atrial:ventricular conduction (P-waves:QRS-complexes), usua...") Tag: Visual edit
08:27, 19 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Acute kidney injury (Created page with "'''Acute kidney injury''' (AKI) is a clinical syndrome which is characterised by an acute decrease in <abbr>GFR</abbr> (over hours or days), as evidenced by elevated creatinine. There may also be accumulation of urinary waste products and oliguria/anuria, but not always. It may be prerenal, renal, or postrenal, but the most common causes are prerenal and acute tubular necrosis. During the evaluation it’s impo...") Tag: Visual edit
14:12, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Atrial fibrillation (Created page with "'''Atrial fibrillation''' (Afib) is the most important supraventricular arrhythmia, characterised by fibrillation of the atria. It’s problematic because of the following: * It increases the risk of thromboembolic stroke * It can cause tachycardia-induced heart failure (= arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy) * It can cause symptoms It’s a highly prevalent condition which becomes more and more common with age. == Etiology == Afib can be multifactorial and...") Tag: Visual edit
14:03, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Supraventricular arrhythmias (Created page with "'''Supraventricular arrhythmias''' are those which originate from the SA node, atria, or AV junction. They include the following: * Sinus arrhythmias ** Sinus bradycardia ** Sinus tachycardia ** Sick sinus syndrome * Supraventricular premature beats * Atrial tachycardia * Atrial fibrillation * Atrial flutter * AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) * AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) Category:Cardiology") Tag: Visual edit
13:59, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Created page with "'''Human immunodeficiency virus''' (HIV) is a retrovirus which causes HIV infection. If left untreated, it will lead to '''acquired immunodeficiency syndrome''' (AIDS), a condition characterised by a <abbr>CD4</abbr>+ T-cell count of < 200/µL and/or the presence of so-called AIDS-defining condition, whichever occurs first. 38 million people worldwide live with AIDS, and every year around 1,7 million people are infected. 60% of new cases are in sub-S...") Tag: Visual edit
13:45, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page COPD exacerbations (Created page with "'''Acute exacerbations of COPD''' are acute worsenings of symptoms in a patient with COPD. It may be caused by viral respiratory infections, bacterial infections, pollution, or stress. Exacerbations may vary in intensity from mild to very severe and life-threatening. Rapid assessment of the severity is important. == Clinical features == The cardinal symptoms of acute exacerbations are worsening dyspnoea, worsening cough, increa...") Tag: Visual edit
13:41, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Created page with "'''Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease''' (COPD) is characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. It’s common, preventable, and treatable. It is defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0,70. It affects 11,7% of the world and it’s the third leading cause of death worldwide. Prevalence is expected to rise, and it’s expected to be the leading cause of death in 15 years. COPD ha...") Tag: Visual edit
13:34, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:COPD treatment GOLD stage.png
13:34, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:COPD treatment GOLD stage.png
13:33, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:GOLD classification.png
13:33, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:GOLD classification.png
13:30, 17 October 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Cardiac asthma (Created page with "Patients with left-sided heart failure may experience asthma-like symptoms, like dyspnoea, wheezing, and coughing, which may be called '''cardiac asthma'''. Differentiating cardiac and bronchial asthma is usually not a problem. Patients with cardiac asthma usually have other symptoms of heart failure, the presence of cardiac risk factors, frothy sputum when coughing, are older, have abnormal ECG, chest x-ray, etc. They usually don’t have allergy, and spirometr...") Tag: Visual edit