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19:24, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23A. Lumboischialgia and chronic back pain (Created page with "Lumboischialgia and low back pain are two manifestations of spinal cord disease. Lumboischialgia is characterised by the presence of neurological symptoms other than radiating pain, like weakness, sensory loss, or reflex loss. Usually L5 and/or S1 are affected. In non-specific low back pain there are no neurological symptoms. This condition is very common, and often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. The other manifestations of spinal cord disease are cervicobrac...") Tag: Visual edit
19:23, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22B. Secondary prevention of stroke (Created page with "== Antiplatelet therapy == Should be initiated in all patients after ischaemic stroke. Either aspirin or clopidogrel. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible of ischaemic stroke onset, except if the patient receives thrombolysis, in which case it should be started 24 hours after. == Cholesterol management == High intensity statins should be initiated in all patients after ischaemic stroke. Statins are beneficial for all patients, possibly even if they don’t...") Tag: Visual edit
19:21, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22A. Hydrocephalus (Created page with "= Hydrocephalus = Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an increased amount of CSF, often causing increased <abbr>ICP</abbr>. There are four types: * Obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus = increased CSF due to mechanical blockage of CSF flow within the ventricular system * Communicating (non-obstructive) hydrocephalus = increased CSF due to impaired absorption of CSF or due to increased CSF production * Normal pressure hydrocephalus (see next section) * H...") Tag: Visual edit
19:21, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21B. Neurological disorders related to alcoholism (Created page with "== Wernicke encephalopathy == Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute and reversible consequence of thiamine deficiency which usually occurs due to alcoholism. The lesion is in the brainstem. It presents with the triad of confusion, oculomotor dysfunction (nystagmus, ptosis, diplopia, gaze palsy), and gait ataxia. The diagnosis is based on patient history and clinical features. It’s a medical emergency which must be treated with IV thiamine rapidly to prevent progression...") Tag: Visual edit
19:20, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21A. Meningiomas (Created page with "Meningiomas are tumours which arise from the arachnoid layer cells. 90% occur in the skull, 10% in the spine. They’re very slowly growing, very benign tumours, but because they grow in a closed space, they can increase the intracranial pressure or apply pressure to the brain. However, many are asymptomatic and only discovered incidentally. They account for 1/3 of all primary CNS tumours. They mostly occur in elderly. == Clinical features == Meningiomas can cause head...") Tag: Visual edit
19:19, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20B. Alzheimer disease (Created page with "Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the cause of 2/3 of all cases of dementia. It’s characterised by progressive loss of neurons, initially cholinergic ones but later others as well, as well as accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. == Risk factors == * Old age * Family history * Head trauma * Vascular risk factors * APOE e4 genotype * Down syndrome == Protective factors == * High...") Tag: Visual edit
19:18, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20A. Traumatic spinal cord injuries (Created page with "Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are often caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, or sport injuries. The extent of the damage depends on the level of the injury. == Classification == As with traumatic brain injury, we can distinguish primary and secondary injuries. Primary injuries occur at the time of the injury and may be due to spinal cord compression, direct spinal cord injury, or interruption of cord blood supply. Secondary injuries occur after th...") Tag: Visual edit
19:17, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19B. Herpes infection, postherpetic neuralgia (Created page with "= Herpes simplex encephalitis = Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a viral encephalitis caused by HSV-1 which causes haemorrhagic necrosis of the temporal lobe. It’s an urgent condition because it progresses very quickly and treatment must be initiated early to improve the prognosis. However, despite early treatment, the mortality rate is high, and many retain significant deficits. == Clinical features == Onset is rapid (less than 48 hours) with a fever of 40°C, al...") Tag: Visual edit
19:17, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19A. Traumatic brain injuries (Created page with "Traumatic brain injury (TBI) means external force applied to skull which cause alteration of function and/or morphology of brain. It usually causes loss of consciousness, amnesia, and altered mental state. It has been called a “silent epidemic”, as it’s one of the most common causes of deaths in the young and active population. In younger adults, it usually occurs due to motor vehicle accidents. In elderly, it’s usually due to falls. == Classification == We can...") Tag: Visual edit
19:16, 7 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18B. Types of disturbances of urinary bladder innervation (Created page with "== Innervation of the bladder == There are three centres of bladder control in the CNS: * Frontal cortex – which inhibits the PMC * Pontine micturition centre (PMC) * Onuf-nucleus in sacral spine The muscles involved in urination are innervated like this: * Parasympathetic fibres from sacral spine innervate: ** Detrusor muscle, causing contraction * Sympathetic fibres from lower thoracic level innervate: ** Detrusor muscle, causing relaxation ** Internal sphincter,...") Tag: Visual edit
18:17, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18A. Migraine and other primary headaches (Created page with "= Migraine = Migraine is an episodic primary headache disorder with disabling attacks lasting 4-72 hours with moderate or severe headache, usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting and/or photophobia and phonophobia, and sometimes preceded by a short-lasting aura of unilateral fully-reversible visual, sensory or other central nervous system symptoms. It affects 12% of the population and affects women more often than men. The etiology is unknown, but there is likely an un...") Tag: Visual edit
18:16, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17B. Status epilepticus (Created page with "Status epilepticus is defined as either a single epileptic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes, or more than one seizure without recovery of consciousness in-between. It’s more commonly a result of symptomatic seizure rather than epilepsy. It’s a life-threatening condition with high mortality, as cerebral oedema, aspiration, shock, rhabdomyolysis, etc. may occur. ''The definition used to be 30 minutes, but because we recognised that the longer the seizure lasts,...") Tag: Visual edit
18:15, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17A. Types and etiology of unconsciousness. Coma (Created page with "Loss of consciousness can only occur if there is injury to the brainstem, injury to both hemispheres, or a metabolic disorder which affects the entire brain. Hungarian literature classifies unconsciousness as either hypnoid or non-hypnoid. == Hypnoid types of decreased consciousness == * Somnolence – patient responds to voice * Sopor – patient responds to pain * Coma – patient is completely unresponsive These can be caused by: * High intracranial pressure -> Br...") Tag: Visual edit
18:14, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16B. Differential diagnosis of short-term loss of consciousness (Created page with "It’s important to be able to distinguish syncope from epileptic seizure, as both cause short-lasting loss of consciousness, but the management for each is different. In the differential diagnosis, obtaining both patient and eyewithness history is important. = Syncope = Syncope refers to transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion. The majority of short-lasting losses of consciousness are syncope. Convulsive syncope is a form of syncope which is acco...") Tag: Visual edit
18:13, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16A. Clinical symptoms of insufficient blood supply in territory of carotid and vertebral artery (+ the anterior circulation) (Created page with "With regards to stroke, it’s valuable to distinguish clinically whether the stroke affects the anterior or posterior circulation of the brain, and, if possible, which artery specifically. The anterior circulation of the brain consists of the internal carotid arteries, as well as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. It supplies the majority of both cerebral hemispheres, except the occipital and medial temporal lobes. The posterior circulation of the brain consist...") Tag: Visual edit
18:12, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15B. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic-disease) (Created page with "Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), more properly called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterised mainly by optic neuritis and acute longitudinally extensive (> 3 vertebral segments) transverse myelitis. It’s associated with anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (anti-AQP4 antibodies). It mostly occurs in 40 – 60 year olds, and mostly in women. The clinical features may be similar to MS so it...") Tag: Visual edit
18:11, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15A. Trigeminal neuralgia (Created page with "Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of facial neuropathic pain restricted to one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is recurrent, abrupt in onset and termination, triggered by innocuous stimuli like soft touch and typically compared to an electric shock or described as shooting or stabbing. It usually affects elderly. == Etiology == * Primary ** Classic type – due to neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root by a vessel ** Idiopathic * S...") Tag: Visual edit
18:10, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14B. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (+ treatment) (Created page with "= Diagnosis = The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is based on the McDonald criteria. They require the patient to have evidence of lesions in the CNS in different places and at different times. This is called “dissemination in space” and “dissemination in time”. In some patients, the diagnosis can be made after a single attack, if they have evidence of dissemination in both space and time. However, in most patients the diagnosis is made after the patient has had...") Tag: Visual edit
17:58, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14A. Motor neuron diseases (Created page with "Motor neuron diseases are diseases which selectively affect motor neurons in the spinal cord and motor cortex. They’re progressive diseases which lead to severe disability and death. The most important types are: * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) * Hereditary spastic paraplegia * Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) ALS occurs sporadically, while spinal muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia are genetic disorders. == Clinical features == In ALS both upper...") Tag: Visual edit
17:57, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13B. Clinical features of multiple sclerosis (Created page with "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The demyelination occurs in the periventricular white matter, optic nerve, brainstem, cerebellum, and/or spinal cord. MS affects caucasian ethnicities more often than others, and is more prevalent in northern countries. It more frequently affects women, and often begins around the age of 30. == Types == There are three types based on the clinical course: * Relapsing...") Tag: Visual edit
17:56, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13A. Ischias syndrome and cervicobrachialgia (symptoms, warning signs) (Created page with "= Ischias syndrome = Ischias syndrome (sciatica) is one manifestation of spinal cord disease. It’s characterised by the presence of back pain and radiating pain down the leg, but no other neurological symptoms. It’s caused by compression of the L4 – S1 roots. The other manifestations of spinal cord disease are cervicobrachialgia, chronic back pain, and lumboischialgia (topic 23A). == Etiology == * Spinal disc herniation (most common) * Trauma to the back * Spond...") Tag: Visual edit
17:55, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12B. Primary prevention of stroke (Created page with "The primary prevention of stroke is similar to that of all cardiovascular disease. Many major risk factors for CVD are modifiable. 90% of stroke burden globally is due to modifiable risk factors. == Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation == The CHA2DS2-VASC score is used to determine whether patients with atrial fibrillation should receive anticoagulants or not. The score is like this: * Congestive heart failure – 1 point * Hypertension – 1 point * Age > 75 years...") Tag: Visual edit
17:52, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12A. Encephalitis (Created page with "= Encephalitis = Encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brain, which causes CNS damage and damage to the blood-brain barrier. It is usually viral or immune-mediated. It often co-exists with meningitis as meningoencephalitis. == Etiology == * Viral ** HSV – topic 19B ** HZV – topic 19B ** Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) ** Poliomyelitis ** Rabies * Immune-mediated ** Postvaccination and parainfectious encephalomyelitis ** Autoimmune-limbic encephalitis ** Paraneop...") Tag: Visual edit
17:51, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11B. Potentially reversible dementias (Created page with "Dementia (major neurocognitive disorder) is an organic disorder of the brain where the patient experiences a significant decline in cognitive abilities, and these cognitive deficits are severe enough that they interfere with the patient’s ability to function in the daily life. Mild cognitive impairment is a milder form of cognitive decline than dementia and is, in most cases, a precursor stage to dementia. Like in dementia, there is a decline in cognitive abilities, b...") Tag: Visual edit
17:50, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11A. Types of epilepsy (+ epileptic seizures and PNES) (Created page with "= Epileptic seizures = Epileptic seizures are single transient events caused by excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. There are many different types and many possible causes. == Etiology == * Provoked seizures (topic 1B) * Symptomatic seizures (topic 1B) * Epilepsy Most epileptic seizures are provoked or symptomatic in origin. == Classification == ''In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy revised the classification of epileptic seizure t...") Tag: Visual edit
17:38, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10B. Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (Created page with "Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) refers to haemorrhage into the brain parenchyme. It’s one form of haemorrhagic stroke. We can distinguish two usual presentations of ICH. The typical presentation is in an elderly patient with hypertension, who has haemorrhage in deep brain structures, like basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, and/or cerebellum. This occurs due to rupture of microaneurysms in the brain which occur due to chronic hypertension. This is the most common presentat...") Tag: Visual edit
17:37, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10A. Acute meningitis (Created page with "Acute meningitis is most commonly bacterial in origin, but it can also be viral, also called aseptic meningitis. Infectious meningitides are neurological emergencies/urgencies which must be treated quickly. == Etiology == * Bacteria ** Streptococcus pneumoniae ** Neisseria meningitidis ** Streptococci * Virus ** HSV-2 ** Adenovirus ** +++ * Non-infectious ** Autoimmune disorders ** Malignant infiltration of meninges In adults, pneumococcus and meningococcus are the mo...") Tag: Visual edit
17:35, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9B. Thrombosis of the intracranial sinuses (Created page with "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) refers to thrombosis of the cerebral veins or cerebral sinuses in the brain. It can be infectious or non-infectious in origin. Thrombosis of the venous drainage of the brain increases the <abbr>ICP</abbr> and it can cause brain ischaemia. The prognosis is good, as 80% recover completely. It more often affects younger adults and females more often than males. == Etiology == * Non-infectious **...") Tag: Visual edit
17:34, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9A. Peripheral facial palsy (Bell-paresis) (Created page with "Peripheral facial palsy is a peripheral lesion of the facial nerve. In the cases where this lesion is idiopathic, the condition is called Bell’s palsy. == Etiology == * Idiopathic (= Bell’s palsy) * Infection ** VZV (herpes zoster oticus/Ramsay Hunt syndrome) ** Lyme disease * Trauma (involving pyramidal bone) * Parotid tumour * Brainstem stroke (involving facial nucleus) Bell’s palsy is caused by idiopathic inflammation of CN VII in the facial canal. It might b...") Tag: Visual edit
17:33, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8B. Parkinson’s disease (Created page with "Parkinsonism is the clinical triad of bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. Parkinson disease (PD) is the idiopathic cause of parkinsonism when a person has parkinsonism without an underlying cause. It’s a chronic neurogenerative disorder which mostly affects adults > 50 years, and men more often than women. == Etiology of parkinsonism == * Parkinson disease (most common) * Drug-induced (antipsychotics) * Parkinson-plus syndromes ** Multiple system atrophy ** L...") Tag: Visual edit
17:30, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8A. Gliomas (+ brain tumours in general) (Created page with "= Brain tumours in general = In adults, secondary brain tumours are 10x as common as primary ones. == Etiology == * Most common tumours in childhood ** Craniopharyngioma ** Medulloblastoma ** Cerebellar astrocytoma * Most common tumours in adulthood ** CNS metastases ** Meningioma ** Glioblastoma ** Pituitary tumours == Pathomechanism == According to the Monroe-Kellie doctrine, a brain tumour must decrease CSF flow and cerebral blood flow. In the beginning phase, CSF...") Tag: Visual edit
17:28, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7B. Secondary headaches (Created page with "Secondary headaches are those headaches which occur as a feature of an underlying disease. The list of disorders which can cause secondary headaches is endless. It’s important to know the red flags of headache which may suggest a severe pathology, so that proper evaluation can be performed in patients presenting with these red flags. == Etiology == * Mass-occupying lesions ** Epidural haemorrhage ** Subdural haemorrhage ** Subarachnoid haemorrhage ** Intracerebral ha...") Tag: Visual edit
17:27, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7A. Carpal tunnel-syndrome (Created page with "Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common cause of median nerve lesion. It’s a compression neuropathy due to entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Demyelination of the median nerve occurs. The risk factors are: * Obesity * Female * Diabetes * Pregnancy * Certain repetitive wrist movements at work == Clinical features == Sensory symptoms are most common, but motor symptoms also occur. Sensory symptoms include numbness in the palm, palm...") Tag: Visual edit
17:26, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6B. Guillain-Barre syndrome (Created page with "Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an umbrella term for acute immune-mediated polyneuropathies, but in the Western world AIDP is the most common form, so it’s almost synonymous with GBS. Patients with AIDP have progressive weakness of the limbs over a few days to 28 days, symmetrical deficit, areflexia, absent or mild sensory disturbance, elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, and slowing of nerve conduction velocities. Types: * Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradi...") Tag: Visual edit
17:25, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6A. Neuroimaging (Created page with "We can separate neuroimaging into two types: * Structural neuroimaging – gives diagnosis of gross intracranial disease, like tumour or injuries * Functional neuroimaging – used to examine certain functions == Computer tomography (CT) == CT is usually used for neurological emergencies, especially to rule out haemorrhage as a cause of stroke. It’s also used for traumatic injuries of the brain and spine. The advantages of CT include: * Fast (few minutes) * Cheap *...") Tag: Visual edit
17:23, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5B. Subarachnoid haemorrhage (Created page with "Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) can be traumatic or nontraumatic. This topic will cover the nontraumatic, topic 19 will cover the traumatic. Traumatic SAH is more common than nontraumatic. Nontraumatic SAH is one form of haemorrhagic stroke. The prognosis is very poor. Up to 40% don’t reach the hospital at all. The 30-day mortality rate is ~50%, and many of those who survive sustain severe disability and decrease in quality of life. == Etiology == * Rupture of intrac...") Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5A. Polyneuropathies (Created page with "Polyneuropathies are disorders affecting multiple peripheral nerves, which usually affect the most distal parts of the body symmetrically. == Etiology == There are many types and causes of polyneuropathies. Here are some of the most common. * Diabetic neuropathy * Alcoholic neuropathy * Toxic neuropathy (heavy metal, solvents) * Deficiency neuropathy (B1, B6, B12, copper) * Hypothyroid neuropathy * Immune-mediated neuropathies ** Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute inflamma...") Tag: Visual edit
17:20, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4B. Convulsive syncope (Created page with "See topic 16B. Category:Neurology 2") Tag: Visual edit
17:19, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4A. Myasthenia gravis (Created page with "Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction. Fluctuating weakness increasing with repeated activity and improving after a period of rest is the hallmark feature. It’s caused by antibodies directed against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Prevalence is 1–2 per 10,000 persons. == Etiology == * Idiopathic * Thymoma (paraneoplastic) In about 15%, the disease can be classified as paraneoplastic, usually as...") Tag: Visual edit
17:18, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3B. Treatment of the acute stroke (+ evaluation) (Created page with "= Evaluation of acute stroke = As with all acute life-threatening conditions it’s important to assess the stability by ABCDE first. All patients with suspected stroke should be admitted to a stroke unit. Some patients develop the stroke while sleeping, and only note the symptoms after awakening. This is called a “wake-up stroke”, and for the purposes of treatment we define the onset of the stroke to be the time when the patient was last known to be normal, usually...") Tag: Visual edit
17:16, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3A. Differential diagnosis of tremors (Created page with "Tremors are classified as either resting tremors or action tremors. Resting tremors occur during rest, while action tremors occur during voluntary movement. There are two subtypes of action tremor: * Resting tremor – occurs in rest * Action tremor – occurs during voluntary contraction ** Postural tremor – when holding arms out against gravity ** Kinetic tremor – occurs when moving the arms *** Intention tremor – tremor at the end of a targeted movement *** Tas...") Tag: Visual edit
17:15, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2B. Transient ischemic attack (Created page with "The classic definition of transient ischaemic attack is that there are symptoms of stroke which fully resolve within 24 hours. However, some strokes only cause transient symptoms. For this reason, there’s another, newer definition as well, that TIA is defined as transient neurological dysfunction caused by ischaemia without infarction. New definition requires MRI with DWI sequence for diagnosis. If there is infarction, the diagnosis is stroke instead. However, this de...") Tag: Visual edit
17:14, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2A. Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (Created page with "Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) is a cause of recurring vertigo which occurs due to canalolithiasis, stones in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. The peak incidence is in the 50s and it affects females more often. There are two types, posterior canal BPPV (90% of cases) and horisontal canal BPPV (10%). == Clinical features == BPPV causes paroxysmal positional harmonic vestibular signs. Paroxysmal and positional meaning that the symptoms occur in sud...") Tag: Visual edit
17:13, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1B. Accidental (provoked) seizures (Created page with "''The word “accidental” is probably a mistranslation from Hungarian. In the Hungarian topic list, the word “alkalmi” is used, which translates to “occasional”. “Accidental seizure” is not a thing.'' ''Also, some sources consider “provoked” and “symptomatic” seizures to be the same, but the lecture considers them to be two separate entities.'' = Provoked seizures = A provoked seizure is one caused by well-defined provoking factors and not by an u...") Tag: Visual edit
17:11, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1A. The most common types of myopathies and myositis (Created page with "= Myopathies = A myopathy is a disease of the muscle itself, not involving innervation or the NMJ. There are many different types. === Etiology === * Hereditary myopathies ** Progressive muscular dystrophies *** Duchenne muscular dystrophy *** Becker muscular dystrophy *** Myotonic dystrophy *** Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) ** Congenital myopathies ** Metabolic myopathies *** Mitochondrial *** Pompe disease – rare but treatable, so important to recog...") Tag: Visual edit
17:10, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Neurology 2 (Created page with "Category:5th year") Tag: Visual edit
17:09, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B30. Modern contraceptive methods (Created page with "According to the WHO, modern methods of contraception include: * Oral contraceptive pills * Subdermal implants * Contraceptive injectables * Contraceptive patch * Emergency contraceptive pills * Vaginal ring * Intrauterine devices * Sterilisation * Etc. .. most of which have been covered in earlier topics. I don’t know what to include here that hasn’t already been included. Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology 2") Tag: Visual edit
17:08, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B29. Laparoscopy in gynecology (Created page with "Laparoscopy refers to using transperitoneal endoscopy for minimally invasive surgeries. It is widely used in gynaecology and is usually preferred over laparotomy if possible. ''You may also read topic 8 in surgery for general information on laparoscopy.'' == Setup and procedure == Many devices are necessary in laparoscopy: * Device to give abdominal access * To reach pneumoperitoneum * Distension medium (CO2) * Optic light source * Camera * Devices for the operative m...") Tag: Visual edit
17:06, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B28. Diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy (Created page with "Hysteroscopy is a diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedure in gynaecology. A fibreoptic endoscope is passed transcervically into the uterine cavity, which gives a view of the uterine cavity, tubal ostia, and endocervical canal. == Procedure == The hysteroscope includes a light source and equipment to infuse uterine distending media, like gas or fluid. It also contains an operating channel through which surgical instruments may be inserted and used, like scissors, biopsy...") Tag: Visual edit
17:06, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B27. Premalignant and malignant vulvar diseases (VAIN, VIN) (Created page with "== Vulvar cancer == Cancer of the vulva is mostly a disease of older (60 – 70 years) women. It’s one of the less common gynaecological cancers (5%). The prognosis of vulvar cancer is poor, even though most are discovered in an early stage. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type, accounting for 90% of cases. The second most common is adenocarcinoma, which originates from the Bartholin glands. === Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia === Vulvar int...") Tag: Visual edit