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14:48, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ventricle action potential phases.jpg
14:47, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Diuretic drugs (Created page with "Diuretics are drugs that promotes ''diuresis'', the rate of urine flow. This enhances the excretion of water from the person taking it, although the mechanism of action is different for the different types. Most types, except osmotic diuretics, act primarily by decreasing tubular reabsorption of Na+, which in turn decreases the reabsorption of Cl– and water. It’s important to keep in mind that this makes these drugs saluretics primarily (they primarily excrete NaCl)...") Tag: Visual edit
14:44, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (Created page with "== The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system == This system is better known as RAAS. It plays a central role in the control of Na+ excretion, sympathetic activity, fluid volume and vascular tone. Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney. It’s an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen produced by the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I doesn’t have any important biological activity, so it’s converted into angiotensin II by the enzyme ''angi...") Tag: Visual edit
14:42, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Calcium channel blockers (Created page with "== Calcium channels == Many types of calcium channels exist: voltage-gated (L, N, T and R types), ligand gated (IP3 receptor, ryanodine receptor) and store-operated types. However, only the voltage-gated L-type channels are important therapeutically. When we talk about calcium channel blockers we mean those drugs that inhibit the action of L-type calcium channels. L-type calcium channels are voltage-gated channels that are found on the cardiac pacemakers, smooth (vascul...") Tag: Visual edit
14:38, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. Pharmacology of protein and peptide mediators, the purinergic system and nitric oxide (Created page with "''What’s important from this topic are the drugs (antiplatelets, organic nitrates, NK1 antagonist antiemetics, SST, ADH) and side effects (dry cough) related to the topic and some physiology of peptide synthesis.'' == Proteins and peptides == Proteins and peptides are used as signalling molecules in many systems in the body: * Nervous system (neuropeptides, like neuropeptide Y, serotonin, MSH, ACTH) * Endocrine system (like insulin, glucagon and somatostatin) * Immun...") Tag: Visual edit
14:36, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Purines.png
14:36, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Purines.png
14:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Kinin system.png
14:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Kinin system.png
14:34, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hormone synthesis from POMC.png
14:34, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hormone synthesis from POMC.png
14:01, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers and beta blockers) (Created page with "== Adrenergic receptors == Three types of alpha adrenergic receptors exist, α1A, α1B and α1D (a C type was discovered but it turned out to be the same as the A type). Each of these subtypes are found in different tissues and have slightly different effects. However, the subtypes are highly homologous, so there is significant overlap. α1A is mostly found in the bladder. α1B is mostly found in vasculature. == Phaeochromocytoma == Phaeochromocytoma is a cancer of the...") Tag: Visual edit
13:59, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Adrenergic receptor agonists (Created page with "== Overview of drugs == {| class="wikitable" !Catecholamines ! colspan="2" |Selective α-receptor agonists ! colspan="2" |Selective β-receptor agonists |- ! !α1 selective !α2 selective !Non-subtype selective !β2 selective |- |Dobutamine |Oxymetazoline |Clonidine |Ephedrine |Formoterol |- |Dopamine |Phenylephrine |Methyldopa | |Salbutamol/albuterol |- |Epinephrine |Xylometazoline |Dexmedetomidine | |Salmeterol |- |Isoprenaline | |Tizanidine | |Terbutaline |- |Norepine...") Tag: Visual edit
13:58, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological effects of adrenergic agonists.png
13:58, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological effects of adrenergic agonists.png
13:57, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Agents acting on the biosynthesis, storage, release and elimination of catecholamines (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" !Drugs influencing catecholamine biosynthesis !Drugs influencing noradrenaline storage !Indirectly acting adrenergic drugs !Noradrenergic neuron blocking agents |- |Benserazide |Reserpine |Cocaine |Bretylium |- |Carbidopa |Tetrabenazine |Ephedrine |Guanadrel |- |Levodopa | |Amphetamine |Guanethidine |- |Methyldopa | |Tyramine | |- |Methyltyrosine | | | |} == Noradrenaline == File:Noradrenergic transmission.png|thumb|367x367px|Noradrenergic transmi...") Tag: Visual edit
13:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Noradrenaline synthesis and fates in synaptic cleft.png
13:56, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Noradrenaline synthesis and fates in synaptic cleft.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Synthesis of catecholamines.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Synthesis of catecholamines.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Noradrenergic transmission.png
13:54, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Noradrenergic transmission.png
13:52, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Neuromuscular blocking agents (Created page with "== Overview of drugs == {| class="wikitable" !Prejunctionally-acting agents !Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers !Depolarizing neuromuscular blockers !Drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blocking |- |Botulinum toxin |(Cis)atracurium |Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) |Sugammadex |- |Hemicholinium |Mivacurium | | |- |Triethylcholine |Pancuronium | | |- |Vesamicol |Rocuronium | | |- | |Tubocurarine | | |- | |Vecuronium | | |} Sometimes, we need to use drugs to paralyze s...") Tag: Visual edit
13:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Neuromuscular junction figure.png
13:51, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Neuromuscular junction figure.png
13:50, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Muscarinic receptor antagonists (Created page with "== Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists == The muscarinic receptor antagonists have the following effects (mostly the opposite of the parasympathetic system): * Mydriasis, increased intraocular pressure, cycloplegia (they block accommodation), decreased tear secretion, photophobia * Tachycardia * Bronchodilation, decreased bronchial secretion * Decreased gastrointestinal secretion, decreased motility and peristalsis, constriction of sphincters * Relaxation of detr...") Tag: Visual edit
13:49, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Cholinergic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors (Created page with "== Overview of drugs == {| class="wikitable" !Direct-acting cholinergic agonists !Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (indirect-acting cholinergic agonists) !Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors !Acetylcholinesterase reactivator |- |Bethanechol |Edrophonium |Echothiophate |Pralidoxime |- |Carbachol |Donepezil |Hexaethyl tetraphosphate | |- |Cevimeline |Galantamine |Malathion | |- |Pilocarpine |Neostigmine |Parathion | |- | |Physostigmine | | |- | |Pyridostigmine | |...") Tag: Visual edit
13:44, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Drug research and development (Created page with "How do scientists get ideas for new drugs? In some cases (like opium), they can look to substances that have been used naturally for a long time and use or modify them to suit other needs. However, in most cases, drug development begins by systematically searching for a new molecule that has certain effects. Drug developers can look to already existing drugs and try to modify them to create a new drug with similar, but better effects, or they can try to make molecules th...") Tag: Visual edit
13:41, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Drug formulations. Prescription writing (Created page with "= Drug formulations = Drug formulations are different ways to administer drugs, like intravenous, by tablet, by eyedrops, etc. They have different advantages and disadvantages. === Oral medication === All oral medications are taken by mouth and most are also swallowed. Their advantages: * Convenient * Economical Their disadvantages * Nausea, vomiting * Irritation of gastric mucosa * Unpleasant taste or smell * Drugs must be absorbed via GIT -> needs time, can vary b...") Tag: Visual edit
13:39, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Sample prescription.png
13:39, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Sample prescription.png
13:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Inhaler for aerosol.png
13:35, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Inhaler for aerosol.png
13:33, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Intravenous infusion set.png
13:33, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Intravenous infusion set.png
13:32, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Soft capsules.png
13:32, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Soft capsules.png
13:32, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hard capsule.png
13:32, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hard capsule.png
13:31, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of tablets.png
13:31, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of tablets.png
13:28, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Pharmacokinetics: zero and first order elimination kinetics, elimination half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, maintenance dose, loading dose, oral bioavailability (Created page with "== Summary == * If a drug follows first order elimination the rate of its elimination depends on the plasma concentration of the drug ** This is because the mechanisms which eliminate the drug are not saturated ** Almost all drugs follow first order kinetics * If a drug follows zero order elimination the rate of its elimination is constant ** This is because the mechanisms which eliminate the drug are saturated ** Ethanol and salicylates follow zero order kinetics ** Et...") Tag: Visual edit
13:26, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Oral administration of a multiple doses of 100 mg of a drug.png
13:26, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Oral administration of a multiple doses of 100 mg of a drug.png
13:25, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Oral administration of two doses of a 400mg of a drug 1.png
13:25, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Oral administration of two doses of a 400mg of a drug 1.png
13:25, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Plasma concentration over time after oral drug administration.png
13:25, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Plasma concentration over time after oral drug administration.png
13:21, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Plasma concentration over time after first order elimination.png
13:21, 16 March 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Plasma concentration over time after first order elimination.png