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10:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Anti-idiotype antibodies.png
10:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T helper cell differentiation.png
10:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T helper cell differentiation.png
10:21, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Differentiation of dendritic cells.png
10:21, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Differentiation of dendritic cells.png
10:19, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Immunological memory, primary and secondary immune response (Created page with "Recall the extrafollicular and germinal centre reaction, mainly that only T-dependent antigens like peptide antigens induce immunological memory, affinity maturation and isotype switching. The formation of immunological memory is essential as it makes it much easier for the immune system to battle the same pathogen if it should infect the body later. We still don’t quite know how memory cells are kept alive so long. For immune cells to live, their receptor must bind a...") Tag: Visual edit
08:41, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. T-helper cell mediated macrophage activation, delayed type hypersensitivity (Created page with "thumb|The sensitization phase The purple molecule on the <abbr>CD4</abbr>+ cell is the <abbr>TCR</abbr>, and it binds to the red MHC class II receptor on the APC. Certain pathogens (all are intracellular bacteria or viruses) and contact antigens cause an immune reaction called hypersensitivity type IV or ''delayed-type hypersensitivity''. Some examples are m. tuberculosis, c. albicans, herpex simplex virus...") Tag: Visual edit
08:40, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Structure of a granuloma.png
08:40, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Structure of a granuloma.png
08:40, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Effector phase of delayed type hypersensitivity.png
08:40, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Effector phase of delayed type hypersensitivity.png
08:39, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Sensitization phase of delayed type hypersensitivity.png
08:39, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Sensitization phase of delayed type hypersensitivity.png
08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Effector mechanisms of cell-mediated immune response (Created page with "== Differentiation of <abbr>CD8</abbr>+ T-cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes == Naïve CD8+ need to be activated by an antigen before it can really be cytotoxic and kill other cells. As we know by now, CD8+ T-cells can only recognize antigens when they are presented by a cell through an MHC I molecule. thumb|This figure shows how CD8+ T-cells (CTL-P) are activated to become CTL cells. Naïve CD8+ cells are also called ''cytotoxic lymphocyt...") Tag: Visual edit
08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:NK cell recognition.png
08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:NK cell recognition.png
08:36, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CTL cell cytotoxicity.png
08:36, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CTL cell cytotoxicity.png
08:35, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CD8+ T-cell activation.png
08:35, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CD8+ T-cell activation.png
08:33, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Complement system (Created page with "The complement system is a major part of the effector system of the humoral (non-cellular) immune response. It’s a part of the innate immune system but has a connection to the adaptive immune system. It has several components. Inactive factors in the serum called complement factors will be activated and initiate an enzyme cascade, similar to the enzyme cascade of the blood clotting system. Cells have special receptors called complement receptors that bind activated co...") Tag: Visual edit
08:32, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Red blood cells phagocytosis transport.png
08:32, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Red blood cells phagocytosis transport.png
08:30, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Complement system pathways.png
08:30, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Complement system pathways.png
08:29, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Effector functions of antibodies (Created page with "What is really the point of having immunoglobulins? Before an immunoglobulin has bound an antigen, they only have one function: to bind an antigen. We say that immunoglobulins are monofunctional before they bind the antigen. thumb|How antibodies neutralize pathogens to keep you healthy However, after an immunoglobulin has bound an antigen, it starts to have many functions. We say that they are polyfunctional after binding the anti...") Tag: Visual edit
08:28, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.png
08:28, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.png
08:26, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Macrophage phagocytosis.png
08:26, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Macrophage phagocytosis.png
08:25, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antibody effector functions.png
08:25, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antibody effector functions.png
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. B-cell affinity maturation and isotype switching (Created page with "== Affinity maturation == thumb|366x366px|Illustration of how changing the variable domain on an antibody can change the shape of the antigen-binding site and thereby increase its affinity for the antigen As written in the last topic, the follicular B-cells in the germinal center undergo a process called ''affinity maturation''. This causes the B-cells to produce antibodies with higher affinity to the antigen than originally. During the...") Tag: Visual edit
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Isotype switching.png
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Isotype switching.png
08:23, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Affinity maturation.png
08:23, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Affinity maturation.png
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Extrafollicular and germinal centre reactions (Created page with "== B-cell subsets and their characteristics == === B1 B-cells === The B1 type B-cells are, like the γδ T-cells, made only during the embryonic life. Instead of dying out after that however, they renew themselves in our body, outside of lymphoid organs, in the periphery. The presence of a spleen is essential in the survival of the B1 B-cells. They produce low-affinity antibodies and sometimes even antibodies that can bind to self-antigens (antigens of proteins that are...") Tag: Visual edit
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Germinal centre.jpg
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Germinal centre.jpg
08:20, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. T-cell activation and peripheral T-cell differentiation (Created page with "== How do immune cells meet the antigen? == It’s important that the immune system has the correct reaction to an antigen, but for the immune system to do anything it has to know that there are foreign antigens present. If you cut your finger and only a few bacteria enter the wound (or survive the disinfectant you apply), it seems very unlikely that they will be recognized by an immune cell in a short period of time. File:T-cell circulation.png|thumb|333x333px|How T-c...") Tag: Visual edit
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immunological synapse formation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immunological synapse formation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T-cell circulation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T-cell circulation.png
08:16, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Central and peripheral T-cell differentiation. T-cell development in the thymus. (Created page with "thumb|The development of the different blood cell, the so-called haematopoiesis All T-cells start as hematopoietic stem cells (<abbr>HSC</abbr>) in the bone marrow. The HSC can differentiate into either the ''common myloid progenitor'' (CMP) or the ''common lymphoid progenitor'' (<abbr>CLP</abbr>). The presence of IL-7 will stimulate the differentiation of HSC to CLP. CLP will then differentiate into pro-T cells, which will migrate to the thym...") Tag: Visual edit
08:15, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haematopoiesis.png
08:15, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haematopoiesis.png
08:11, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Primary B-cell development (Created page with "The primary B-cell development ends with a mature B-cell and takes place in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, while the secondary B-cell development takes place when the B-cell binds an antigen in a lymph node. Only 5% of the cells that begin primary B-cell development will finish it, the rest will die. == Development == B-cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. If the <abbr>HSC</abbr> expresses low levels of a protein called PU1, it w...") Tag: Visual edit
08:10, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:B cell development.png