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• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:TRNA structure.png
• 15:11, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:TRNA structure.png
• 15:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Point mutations.png
• 15:10, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Point mutations.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Genetic code.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Genetic code.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Retroviruses (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are retroviruses? * What does ''reverse transcriptase'' use as its primer? * What is the function of ''RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?'' * What are transposons? * What are telomeres? * What is the function of ''telomerase'' and what is its template? == Retroviruses == thumb|200x200px|I threw in this picture for good measure. Retroviruses are RNA viruses which use an enzyme called ''reverse transcriptase'...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Reverse transcription.png
• 15:09, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Reverse transcription.png
• 15:07, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Small RNAs (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are small RNAs? * Describe the miRNA, siRNA, and the RNA interference pathway * Describe saRNA * Describe snRNA * Describe snoRNA * Describe piRNA * Describe tmRNA There are many other types of RNA than the three big ones. So-called ''small RNAs'' are RNAs < 200 nucleotides in length. They have very different lengths and functions, but many are involved in ''RNA silencing'', the inhibition of transcription. Some small RNAs are double-st...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. RNA metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the differences between RNA and DNA? * Which shapes can RNA take on? * Which are the three most important types of RNA, and what are their functions? * What are the similarities and differences between ''DNA'' and ''RNA polymerase''? * What is the function of the sigma factor of prokaryotic ''RNA polymerase''? * Describe rho-dependent termination * Describe rho-independent termination * What is the mechanism of action of actinomycin...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:TRNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:TRNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA processing.png
• 13:36, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA processing.png
• 13:35, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA transcript.png
• 13:35, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA transcript.png
• 13:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:RNA shapes.png
• 13:34, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:RNA shapes.png
• 13:29, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. DNA repair (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the different types of DNA damage? * Which proteins are involved in nucleotide-excision repair? * Which proteins are involved in base-excision repair? * Which proteins are involved in direct repair? * Which proteins are involved in mismatch repair? * Describe nonhomologous end joining * Describe homologous recombination * Describe the parthanatos pathway == DNA damage == File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png|thumb|313x313px|...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Direct DNA repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Direct DNA repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Methyl-directed mismatch repair.png
• 13:28, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Methyl-directed mismatch repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Base-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Base-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nucleotide-excision repair.png
• 13:27, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nucleotide-excision repair.png
• 13:26, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Depurination.png
• 13:26, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Depurination.png
• 13:25, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png
• 13:25, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Deamination of various nucleosides.png
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. DNA replication (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * In which direction is DNA synthesised? * How many replication forks are present in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? * Which proteins are involved in the initiation of DNA replication, and what are their functions? * Which proteins are involved in the elongation of DNA replication, and what are their functions? * What is the function of the RNA primer? * Which non-protein molecules are needed for DNA elongation? * What are the differences betwee...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Okazaki fragments.png
• 13:24, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Okazaki fragments.png
• 13:23, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:DNA replication.png
• 13:23, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:DNA replication.png
• 13:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 18. Genes and chromosomes (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is the central dogma of molecular biology? * Describe the organisation of DNA * Describe the composition of the human genome == DNA == The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains instructions for making a protein. These instructions are copied by RNA, which is used to make protein. In short, DNA -> RNA -> protein. Forming a peptide bond between 2 amino acids requires only 21 kJ/mol and a few enzymes. However, format...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:22, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 17. Nucleotide synthesis and degradation (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are nucleotides? * Which pyrimidine bases exist? * Which purine bases exist? * Which molecules are necessary for de novo synthesis of purines? * What are the steps of de novo synthesis of purines? * Which molecules are necessary for de novo synthesis of pyrimidines? * What are the steps of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines? * What are the differences between CPS1 and CPS2? * Describe the salvage pathway. * Describe the degeneration of pur...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Nucleotides.png
• 13:20, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Nucleotides.png
• 13:16, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 16. Synthesis of biologically active molecules from amino acids (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Which proteins contain porphyrins? * Which substrates are required for porphyrin synthesis? * What are porphyrias? * Which porphyria is most common? * How is heme degraded? * What is the function of creatine? * Which substrates are required for creatine synthesis? * Which substrates are required for glutathione synthesis? * Describe the synthesis of catecholamines * Describe the synthesis of GABA * Describe the synthesis of serotonin * Descri...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:15, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Enzymopathies of amino acid metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why is ammonia toxic to the brain? * Which enzyme is defect in the diseases mentioned? == Hyperammonaemia == As outlined before, too much ammonia is very bad. It can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, so it is toxic to the brain. If the brain contains too much ammonia, it will try to get rid of it in two ways. The first is by the ''glutamate dehydrogenase'' reaction, which converts α-ketoglutarate and ammonium to glutamate. However, thi...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What does it mean that an amino acid is non-essential? * What does it mean that an amino acid is conditionally essential? * What does it mean that an amino acid is essential? * Which amino acids are non-essential? * Which amino acids are conditionally essential? * Which amino acids are essential? * Which types of biochemical reactions are important in synthesis of amino acids? * How is the synthesis of amino acids regulated? == Essential and...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:The synthesis of the non-essential amino acids..png
• 13:13, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:The synthesis of the non-essential amino acids..png
• 13:11, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Amino acid metabolism; the fate of the carbon skeleton (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What does it mean that an amino acid is ketogenic? * What does it mean that an amino acid is glucogenic? * Which amino acids are purely ketogenic? * Which amino acids are purely glucogenic? * Which amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic? * What is the function of biotin as a cofactor? * What is the function of THF as a cofactor? * What is the function of AdoMet as a cofactor? * Where are most amino acids metabolised? * Where are branch...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:10, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.png
• 13:10, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.png
• 13:09, 10 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. Urea cycle and ammonium metabolism (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Why must ammonium be excreted? * How is ammonium excreted in humans? * What are the sources of ammonium? * Describe the urea cycle * Which is the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle? * How is the urea cycle regulated? * What is the aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt? == Excretion of ammonium == Ammonium is toxic, especially to the brain, and so it should be excreted. In humans ammonium is excreted in the form of urea. Urea is water-soluble a...") Tag: Visual edit