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- 14:06, 23 September 2024 A14. Genitourinary tract biopsy: Indications and technique (hist | edit) [609 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Techniques of biopsy = * Bleeding parameters should be evaluated before * Percutaneous biopsies are usually guided by US with local anaesthesia * Urothelial lesions ** Biopsied with cystoscopy or through percutaneous catheters * Other lesions ** Renal masses ** Retroperitoneal masses ** Retroperitoneal lymph nodes ** Biopsied percutaneously or by open surgery = Kidney biopsy = {{#lst:Kidney biopsy|urology}} = Bladder biopsy = {{#lst:Bladder biopsy|urology}} = Prostate...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:05, 23 September 2024 Testicular biopsy (hist | edit) [283 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Testicular biopsy''' is used in the evaluation of infertility. It is not used in evaluation of testicular cancer as it increases the risk of spreading; the whole testicle is usually removed instead. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:03, 23 September 2024 Prostate biopsy (hist | edit) [976 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Prostate biopsy''' is indicated when PSA testing or digital rectal examination gives suspicion of prostate cancer. MRi is usually indicated before biopsy, as it may make the biopsy more targeted toward the lesion. The biopsy can be performed transrectally, transperineally, or (rarely) transurethrally. The standard is transrectal biopsy with ultrasound guidance (TRUS biopsy). MRi-targeted biopsy is preferred, but if unavailable...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:32, 23 September 2024 Kidney biopsy (hist | edit) [522 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney biopsy is not performed for urological diseases but for nephrological diseases * Indications ** Glomerulonephritis ** Renal transplant evaluation ** Renal mass where non-invasive imaging is inconclusive *** Renal masses can be diagnosed with high specificity by non-invasive imaging in most cases * Technique ** Can be acquired percutaneously or by open surgery * Complications ** Bleeding ** Tumour seeding is rare <section end="urology"...") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:26, 23 September 2024 A13. Kidney function investigations (hist | edit) [142 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Creatinine and eGFR = {{#lst:Kidney function tests|urology}} = Proteinuria = {{#lst:Proteinuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 11:20, 16 September 2024 A12. Radionuclide imaging in urology (hist | edit) [70 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Renal scintigraphy|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:26, 16 September 2024 Renal scintigraphy (hist | edit) [2,000 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Renal scintigraphy''', alo called '''nuclear renal scan''', refers to using nuclear imaging to image the kidney and its function. == Static renal scintigraphy == Static renal scintigraphy is used to accurately visualise the renal morphology and to measure loss of renal cortex. One can measure relative ratio of renal function between the two kidneys. The radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DMSA is used, which accumulates in the renal parenchyme but is not excreted. Imaging is...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:14, 16 September 2024 A11. Interventional uro-radiology: Principles, technique, indications, and contraindications (hist | edit) [441 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Transcatheter embolisation = {{#lst:Transcatheter embolisation in urology|urology}} = Renal artery angioplasty and stenting = {{#lst:Renal artery stenosis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:12, 16 September 2024 Renal artery stenosis (hist | edit) [655 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Renal artery stenosis''' refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. It may be bilateral in rare cases. It's most commonly due to atherosclerosis (in elderly) and fibromuscular dysplasia (in young). It may lead to secondary hypertension and chronic kidney disease. == Management == Renal artery stenosis is managed by balloon dilatation and stenting of the stenosis. The interventional radiologist inserts a wire into the femoral a...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:57, 16 September 2024 Transcatheter embolisation in urology (hist | edit) [704 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />In urology, transcatheter embolisation is used on the following indications: * To embolise arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous malformations in the renal arteries * Stop severe bleeding from the urinary system, for example from the kidney, bladder, or pelvis * Pre- or postoperatively for renal cell carcinoma in very large or highly vascularised tumours * To induce renal infarcti...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:33, 16 September 2024 Percutaneous nephrostomy (hist | edit) [1,572 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Percutaneous nephrostomy''' (PCN) refers to creating an opening through the skin into the renal pelvis, allowing urine to drain directly from the pelvis into a urinary collection bag. The procedure is guided by ultrasound. In case of hydronephrosis with pyelonephritis, PCN must be performed emergently to allow drainage of the infected urine. The most common indication for PCN is a need for urinary drainage which cannot be achieved otherw...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:17, 16 September 2024 A10. Urinary tract imaging: Purpose, and indications (hist | edit) [80 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Imaging of the urinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 09:16, 16 September 2024 Imaging of the urinary tract (hist | edit) [4,036 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" /><section begin="radiology" />A variety of imaging modalities are used in the evaluation of the urinary tract. == CT urography == CT urography refers to a contrast CT taken in a phase where the contrast has entered the urinary system. It's one of the most commonly used procedures used to image the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureters). * Procedure ** A non-contrast CT is taken ** IV contrast is injected ** Several CT scans are tak...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 09:03, 16 September 2024 Cystoscopy (hist | edit) [5,199 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Cystoscopy''', also called '''cysturethroscopy''', is a procedure where a cystoscope (an endoscope) is inserted into the urethra to examine the urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, urinary bladder, and uretral orifices. The endoscope can visualise the organs, take biopsy samples, and perform a limited number of therapeutic interventions like cauterisation. It's one of the most common procedures performed in urology. == Indications == * Ha...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:52, 16 September 2024 A8. Urethral catheterization: Types, indications, and technique (hist | edit) [75 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Bladder catheterisation|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 08:52, 16 September 2024 Bladder catheterisation (hist | edit) [3,280 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Bladder catheterisation''' refers to insertion of a catheter (a tube) into the urinary bladder to drain urine. The catheter may be inserted into the urethra (urethral catheterisation) or through the skin (suprapubic catheterisation). == Indications == * Diagnostic ** Acquire urinary sample ** Monitor urinary output *** Especially important in critically ill patients ** To allow instillation of diagnostic agents * Therapeutic ** Urinary rete...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:22, 13 September 2024 A7. Haematuria and its evaluation (hist | edit) [62 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Haematuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:17, 13 September 2024 A6. Pyuria and its examination (hist | edit) [58 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Pyuria|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:17, 13 September 2024 Pyuria (hist | edit) [1,847 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Pyuria''' or '''leukocyturia''' refers to >5 WBCs per field of view at 400x. The urine may be grossly cloudy. * Dipsticks ** Can test for the presence of ''leukocyte esterase'', an enzyme produced by WBCs ** Can test for nitrite -> positive indicates bacteriuria *** However, it can be false negative (bacteria which don’t produce nitrite) * Bacterial urine culture should be performed to check for bacteriuria **...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 14:14, 13 September 2024 A5. Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (hist | edit) [91 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 14:14, 13 September 2024 Urinary storage and voiding dysfunction (hist | edit) [4,787 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="neurology" /><section begin="urology" />Both urological and neurological problems can cause dysfunction of urinary storage or voiding, causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). == Anatomy == * The lower urinary tract involves bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter * Has two functions ** Symptom-free storage of urine which is constantly draining from the kidneys ** Periodical, voluntary, unobstructed, and complete voiding of stored urine...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:54, 13 September 2024 A4. Symptoms related to the act of urination and quantitative changes of the urine (hist | edit) [198 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Lower urinary tract symptoms = {{#lst:Lower urinary tract symptoms|urology}} = Quantitative changes of the urine = {{#lst:Quantitative changes of the urine|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:52, 13 September 2024 Quantitative changes of urine (hist | edit) [993 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />One normally produces 500 - 2500 mL of urine per day. In case of pathology, the amount may be increased or decreased. '''Polyuria''' refers to pathologically increased amount of urine (> 2500 mL/day) or > 50 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. It's a relatively rare finding. '''Oliguria''' refers to decreased amount of urine (100 - 500 mL/day) or < 20 mL/hour or < 0.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per hour. '''Anuria''' refers to having < 100 mL of...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:42, 13 September 2024 Lower urinary tract symptoms (hist | edit) [1,206 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Lower urinary tract symptoms''' (LUTS) refers to symptoms related to the act of urination. They include voiding symptoms and storage symptoms. LUTS are classically caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Treatment of the underlying cause alleviates the symptoms. == Etiology == * BPH (most common) * Lower urinary tract infection == Clinical features == We distinguish two types of LUTS, voiding symptoms (also called obstructive...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:31, 13 September 2024 A3. Urologic laboratory examination. Urinalysis and urine culture (hist | edit) [126 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Urine culture = {{#lst:Urine culture|urology}} = Urinalysis = {{#lst:Urinalysis|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:30, 13 September 2024 Urine culture (hist | edit) [433 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />'''Urine culture''' refers to sending a urine sample for a bacterial culture. This gives the name of the causative bacteria as well as any antibiotic resistance. Urine culture is recommended to perform in all cases of pyelonephritis and most cases of lower urinary tract infection. It takes a few days to recieve the results. <section end="urology" /> Category:Urology Category:Microbiology") Tag: Visual edit
- 13:20, 13 September 2024 A2. Symptoms of disorders of the genitourinary tract and differential diagnosis (hist | edit) [87 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Symptoms of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 13:19, 13 September 2024 Symptoms of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [1,949 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Urologic symptoms are generally ** Pain, discomfort ** Alterations of urination ** Changes in the gross appearance of the urine ** Abnormal appearance or function of external genitalia * Primary urologic diseases can manifest as <abbr>GI</abbr> problems * Systemic manifestations ** Fever *** Acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, RCC *** Chronic pyelonephritis does not cause fever ** Weight loss *** Advanced stages of cancer * Pain ** Can be felt...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 13:18, 13 September 2024 A1. Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [100 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst: Physical examination of the genitourinary tract|urology}} Category:Urology (POTE course)")
- 13:18, 13 September 2024 Physical examination of the genitourinary tract (hist | edit) [2,275 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="urology" />* Kidney ** Inspection *** Oedema -> inflammation *** Mass if it’s very large ** Palpation *** Bimanual kidney palpation/ballotation method *** Mass if it’s very large or thin patient ** Percussion *** Painful -> pyelonephritis or stones (inflammation or obstruction) ** Auscultation *** Bruit in area of costovertebral angle -> renal artery stenosis * Urinary bladder ** Palpation *** Palpable if 150 mL urine **** Palpable with less urine in...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:50, 13 September 2024 A14. Injuries of the abdomen. (hist | edit) [195 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Blunt abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Blunt abdominal trauma|traumatology}} = Penetrating abdominal trauma = {{#lst:Penetrating abdominal trauma|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:44, 13 September 2024 A2. Wound types. Principles of wound care. Soft tissue defects and reconstructive surgery. (hist | edit) [67 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Wound|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:42, 13 September 2024 B12. Carpal and metacarpal injuries. Basic principles of immobilization of the hand. (hist | edit) [163 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Carpal injuries = {{#lst:Carpal injuries|traumatology}} = Metacarpal injuries = {{#lst:Metacarpal injuries|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:42, 13 September 2024 B15. Treatment of the septic hand. (hist | edit) [77 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Hand infections|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:41, 13 September 2024 Hand infections (hist | edit) [2,449 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Septic (infective) conditions of the hand''' are rare but severe conditions. There’s always a form of trauma in the background, as well as some predisposing factors like malnutrition, immunodeficiency, diabetes, alcoholism, etc. Treatment depends on the specific condition but often involves source control like incision and drainage, as well as antibiotics. == Paronychia == Paronychia is an infection of the soft t...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:38, 13 September 2024 B14. Tendon injuries of the hand. (hist | edit) [82 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Hand tendon injuries|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:38, 13 September 2024 Hand tendon injuries (hist | edit) [3,430 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Tendon injuries of the hand''' are usually traumatic. They’re classified into injuries of the flexor and extensor tendons, and into five and eight zones, respectively. There is loss of active flexion or extension of the affected finger. Treatment is usually surgical repair. There may be concomitant neurovascular injury. We can distinguish injury of flexor tendons and extensor tendons. Flexor tendon injuries are those which affect the...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:35, 13 September 2024 B13. Nerve injuries of the hand. Immediate and delayed nerve repair. (hist | edit) [180 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Nerve injuries of the hand = {{#lst:Nerve injuries of the hand|traumatology}} = Surgical nerve repair = {{#lst:Nerve repair|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:34, 13 September 2024 Nerve repair (hist | edit) [1,436 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />After traumatic nerve injury, for example of the hand, '''surgical nerve repair''' is often indicated. However, immediate repair is not always appropriate; in many cases, delaying the repair a few weeks or months may be better. However, nerve repair should not be delayed more than six months, as beyond that time irreversible changes occur. Surgical nerve repair is indicated for neurotmesis and visibly damage...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:33, 13 September 2024 Nerve injuries of the hand (hist | edit) [2,212 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Nerve injuries are classified according to severity. From least to most severe they’re neuropraxia (focal demyelination), axonotmesis (axon cut), and neurotmesis (nerve cut). Tinel sign may be positive. Radial nerve palsy causes drop hand, while ulnar nerve palsy causes claw hand. Diagnosis involves neurological examination, EMG, and ENG. == Etiology == Nerve injuries of the hand may be primary or secondary: * Primary ** Trauma to nerv...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:29, 13 September 2024 Metacarpal injuries (hist | edit) [1,969 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />There are multiple named injuries of the metacarpal bones: '''Bennet fracture''' is a partial intraarticular fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal. Rolando fracture is a comminuted intraarticular fracture of the 1st metacarpal. They’re due to axial force on the thumb. Treatment is surgical. '''Rolando fracture''' is a comminuted intraarticular fracture of the 1st metacarpal (multiple bone fragments). '''Gamekeeper’s thumb''' is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:27, 13 September 2024 Carpal injuries (hist | edit) [2,304 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />The most commonly injured carpal bone is the scaphoid. '''Scaphoid fractures''' are common, especially in young. They occur due to fall on outstretched hand, and are classified according to Herbert. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and tenderness of the anatomical snuffbox. These fractures are not always visible on x-ray acutely, and so conservative treatment is usually performed despite x-ray evidence if the clinical suspicion is high, to...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:25, 13 September 2024 B11. Forearm fractures. Distal radius fractures. (hist | edit) [173 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Forearm fractures = {{#lst:Forearm fracture|traumatology}} = Distal radius fractures = {{#lst:Distal radius fracture|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:24, 13 September 2024 Distal radius fracture (hist | edit) [1,453 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Distal radius fractures''' are common fractures, especially of the elderly. They occur due to fall on outstretched arm. Colles fracture is an extraarticular fracture with dorsal angulation of the fragment. Smith fracture is an extraarticular fracture with ventral angulation of the fragment. The median nerve may be injured. Non-dislocated fractures are treated conservatively; dislocated fractures are treated surgically. == Etiology == F...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:23, 13 September 2024 Forearm fracture (hist | edit) [1,664 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Forearm fractures''' have the second highest ratio of open to closed fractures among all fractures. They’re also common in children. We distinguish simple forearm fractures from complex ones. Simple fractures are isolated fractures of the radius or ulna (sometimes called nightstick fracture). Complex fractures are fractures occurring with dislocations. The three most important complex fractures are: {| class="wikitable" |'''Name''' |...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:21, 13 September 2024 B10. Elbow fractures and dislocations (hist | edit) [159 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Elbow fractures = {{#lst:Elbow fractures|traumatology}} = Elbow dislocations = {{#lst:Elbow dislocations|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:20, 13 September 2024 Elbow dislocation (hist | edit) [1,001 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Elbow dislocations''' are a relatively common sports injury of the young, and occur due to direct trauma or fall on outstretched hand. Treatment is closed reduction under anaesthesia and immobilisation with cast. == Etiology == Posterior dislocations occur due to fall on outstretched arm, while anterior dislocations occur due to direct trauma with a flexed elbow. == Classification == Elbow dislocations are classified as posterior (mos...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:19, 13 September 2024 Elbow fracture (hist | edit) [1,732 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />'''Elbow fractures''' involve fractures of the distal humerus, radial head, and olecranon. These are among the most common fractures in the paediatric population, but also occurs in adults. They may occur due to fall on outstretched arm or direct trauma to elbow. Radial head fractures are classified according to Manson, olecranon according to Mayo, and distal humeral fractures according to AO/ASIF. Extraarticular undislocated fractures are...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:18, 13 September 2024 B9. Proximal and middle shaft humeral fractures. (hist | edit) [84 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Humeral shaft fracture|traumatology}} Category:Traumatology (POTE course)")
- 08:17, 13 September 2024 Humeral shaft fracture (hist | edit) [2,178 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="traumatology" />Most humeral shaft fractures occur on the proximal end. It’s more common in elderly women usually due to fall on outstretched arm on the basis of osteoporosis. It’s classified according to the NEER classification. Axillary nerve injury may occur. Treatment is mostly conservative with a sling. Midshaft humeral fractures may occur in young or elderly, mostly in young. These are less common than proximal fractures. Radial nerve injury ma...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched