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15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Capillary shunt formation.webp
15:10, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Capillary shunt formation.webp
15:09, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Schematic figure of microcirculation.png
15:09, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Schematic figure of microcirculation.png
15:03, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Vasovagal syncope (Created page with "Syncope (or fainting) is a sudden, completely reversible loss of consciousness due to an acute reduction of cerebral perfusion. It may last from several seconds up to minutes. It occurs exclusively in orthostatic (standing or sitting where the head is up) posture. Along with the loss of consciousness is there also a loss in skeletal muscle tone, which causes the affected person to fall and assume a supine position where the circulation normalizes and consciousness is reg...") Tag: Visual edit
15:02, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Mechanism of vasovagal syncope.jpg
15:02, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Mechanism of vasovagal syncope.jpg
15:01, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. Pathophysiology of the lymphatic circulation (Created page with "We don’t normally read a lot about the lymphatic system, and there’s not a lot to say about its pathophysiology either. The book doesn’t write a lot about it either. However, oedema is a process which is related to the lymphatics, so we’ll start there. ''In retrospect I don’t think oedema is what’s important about this topic, but I don’t know what else is important here, so I’ll leave it like it is.'' Oedema can occur internally or peripherally, but whe...") Tag: Visual edit
15:00, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Acute heart failure (Created page with "In acute cardiac failure there is a sudden decrease in cardiac output. It mostly occurs due to: * Acute inefficient ventricular filling ** Right heart: vena cava occlusion ** Left heart: pulmonary embolism * Acute inefficient ventricular contraction ** Asystole ** 3rd degree AV-block ** Ventricular fibrillation ** Acute valvular rupture ** Toxic or metabolic myocardial injury ** Myocardial infarction ** Aneurysm Acute heart failure can occur as the first presentation o...") Tag: Visual edit
14:58, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Cardiomyopathies (Created page with "A cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium which is ''not'' caused by coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart diseases. In other words, myocardial diseases caused by hypertension, coronary artery disease, valvular disease or congenital heart diseases are not considered cardiomyopathies. ''Some definitions include the aforementioned diseases as cardiomyopathies, but most definitions don’t.''<ref>https://www.uptodate.com/conten...") Tag: Visual edit
14:56, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. High output cardiac failure (Created page with "In high-output cardiac failure, the problem isn’t that the heart has an abnormally low capacity to increase or manage its cardiac output. The problem is rather that some peripheral or systemic condition causes the body to have an extraordinarily high demand for cardiac output! The heart will initially try to satisfy the tissues’ higher demand but over time, the heart will take damage for it. The low-output variant is more frequent than the high-output variant. {| cl...") Tag: Visual edit
14:55, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Backward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure (Created page with "== Backward failure symptoms of left-sided heart failure == The main backward failure symptoms of left-sided heart failure are: * Dyspnoea, especially on exertion * Paroxysmal (sudden) nocturnal dyspnoea * Orthopnoea * Cough * Cyanosis * Wet lung * Pulmonary oedema (when alongside acute left heart failure) Left-sided heart failure won’t just cause hypoperfusion of organs but also congestion of the pulmonary circulation. This happens because the amount of blood going...") Tag: Visual edit
14:53, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 5. Forward failure symptoms (left- and right-sided) in heart failure (Created page with "The consequences of heart failure are categorized into two group: signs of ''forward'' failure and signs of ''backward'' failure, where forward symptoms come from problems occurring ''after'' the heart while backward symptoms come from problems occurring ''before''. The backward failure symptoms come from the increased venous tone and the congestion. The forward failure symptoms depend on which area is hypoperfused because of the heart failure. The actual clinical sympt...") Tag: Visual edit
14:48, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 4. Causes and forms of heart failure (Created page with "== Forms of heart failure == There are multiple ways to classify heart failure. They are: * According to the pathomechanism ** Systolic dysfunction heart failure ** Diastolic dysfunction heart failure * According to affected side ** Left-sided heart failure ** Right-sided heart failure * According to the cardiac output ** Low-output heart failure ** High-output heart failure * According to the timeline ** Acute heart failure ** Chronic heart failure Most heart failures...") Tag: Visual edit
14:31, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Distribution of cardiac output and its disorders in the young and the elderly (Created page with "== Summary == Heart failure is the condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body. Most failing hearts can maintain a 5 L/min cardiac output during rest. However, their cardiac output can’t increase when the body requires more perfusion, such as during exercise. Only when the demand for CO increases will the failing heart cause symptoms, except in the very late stages of heart failure. People with heart failure utilize three com...") Tag: Visual edit
10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease2.png
10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease2.png
10:36, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png (wrong. correctversion will be uploaded)
10:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png
10:30, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Functional organ capacity with age and disease.png
10:28, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Cardiovascular adaptation in health and disease (Created page with "== Physiology repetition == These notes assume you know most of the cardiac physiology from physiology. For repetition: Preload = the extent to which the myocardium is stretched at the end of diastole, right before systole. Preload depends on the end-diastolic volume (EDV), which mostly depends on venous return to the heart. Afterload = the force that the ventricles must eject blood against during systole. Afterload depends mostly on the pressure in the aorta, measured...") Tag: Visual edit
10:20, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathophysiology 1 (Created page with "Link to flashcards (old): [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/cardiovascular-blood-pressure-shock-10235806 Topic 1 – 30], [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/respiration-10239565 topic 41 - 52], [https://www.cram.com/flashcards/g-10213064 ECG theory]. Category:3rd year") Tag: Visual edit
10:15, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Substance-or-Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder (Created page with "Psychosis induced by illegal substances is a common, and psychosis may develop after intoxication, withdrawal, or exposure to the substance. Prescription medications can also cause psychosis, but this is less common. Because illegal substance use is more common among people with psychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it can be difficult to determine whether the symptoms are secondary to the substance or the psychiatric disorder. Peopl...") Tag: Visual edit
09:49, 7 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Schizophrenia-related disorders (Created page with "There are several psychotic psychiatric disorders which I consider to be similar to or related to schizophrenia. This article will cover those. == Schizoaffective disorder == Schizoaffective disorder is a condition characterised by the presence of both symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood (affective) disorder like bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. Both sets of symptoms must be prominent in the patient's course of illness for the di...") Tag: Visual edit
13:35, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Geriatrics (Created page with "Category:Pages by subject") Tag: Visual edit
13:34, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Physiological reserves (Created page with "thumb|This model of physiological (or functional) reserve shows how the difference between the basal organ function and maximal organ function changes with age. Taken from Muravchik, Anesthesia 5th ed, 2000 Physiological reserve (or functional reserve) is a poorly-defined but important concept. It can be defined as "the potential capacity of a cell, tissue, or organ system to function beyond its basal level in response to alte...") Tag: Visual edit
13:15, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Clinical frailty scale.jpg
13:15, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Clinical frailty scale.jpg
13:06, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological reserve model age.png
13:06, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological reserve model age.png
08:14, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Physiological reserve model.jpg
08:14, 1 February 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Physiological reserve model.jpg
14:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Delirium (Created page with "Delirium is a disturbed mental state caused by somatic illness characterised by lack of the attention and awareness of the environment, and disordered stream of thought. It is characterized by disorientation, confusion, amnesia, agitation, and hallucinations (most commonly visual). It usually worsens at night, and develops over a short period of time. Delirium mostly affects elderly (> 65 years), due to their reduced physiological reserves. It's a...") Tag: Visual edit
12:38, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hallucination (Created page with "<nowiki>#</nowiki>REDIRECT Hallucinations") Tag: Visual edit
12:36, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs deleted page Hallucination (content was: "#REDIRECT https://new.greek.doctor/wiki/Psychosis#Hallucinations", and the only contributor was "Nikolas" (talk))
12:35, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Hallucination (Redirected page to Https://new.greek.doctor/wiki/Psychosis#Hallucinations) Tags: New redirect Visual edit
12:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Psychosis (Created page with "Psychosis is a condition characterised by the loss of contact with reality. This is problematic because the loss of contact with reality may cause the patient to harm themselves or others, either directly or indirectly. Psychosis can be seen in many psychiatric disorders, but it's a symptom of an underlying cause, and not a disorder in itself. In practice, psychosis manifests as delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorganisation. == Etiology == The most common caus...") Tag: Visual edit
10:28, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 25. Causes of the congenital malformations (with examples!) (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is TORCH? * How does maternal hyperthermia affect the foetus? * How does ionizing radiation affect the foetus? * Name some medications which are teratogenic, and some examples of congenital malformations * How does maternal alcohol consumption affect the foetus? * How does maternal cigarette smoking affect the foetus? * What is the scandal surrounding thalidomide and congenital malformations? * Name some maternal diseases which increase...") Tag: Visual edit
10:27, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 24. The external appearance of the embryo and the fetus. The signs of maturity in newborn (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * At which point does the embryo become a foetus? * Which changes to the external appearence occurs during the third week? * Which changes to the external appearance occurs during the second month? * What is the crown-rump length? * What is the difference between gestational age and conceptional age? * When does birth usually occur? * How is the gestational age of a foetus determined? * How does the head develop in comparison to the body? * Whi...") Tag: Visual edit
10:26, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 23. Malformations of the nervous system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are neural tube defects? * When do the neural folds close? * Which are the three most common neural tube defects? * How can most neural tube defects be prevented? * What is spina bifida? * What is spina bifida occulta? * What is meningocoele? * What is myelomeningocoele? * What is anencephaly? * What is encephalocoele? * What is holoprosencephaly, and what is the underlying cause? * What is microcephaly, and how does it relate to brain d...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 22. Development of the endocrine glands. Malformations (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the development of the pineal gland * Describe the development of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland * Describe the development of the thyroid gland * Describe the development of the parathyroid glands * Describe the development of the adrenal cortex * Describe the development of the adrenal medulla * What is craniopharyngioma, and where does it arise from? * What is a thyroglossal cyst? * Where can aberrant thyroid tissue be f...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 21. Development of the acoustic and vestibular system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What are the otic placodes, and when do they arise? * Describe the formation of the otic vesicles (otocysts) * What are the two parts of the otic vesicles, and which structures will they give rise to? * Describe the formation of the cochlea and the components inside * Describe the formation of the semicircular canals == Development of the acoustic and vestibular systems == === Otic placodes === The otic placodes appear on each side of the r...") Tag: Visual edit
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Semicircular canal formation.png
10:24, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Semicircular canal formation.png
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 20. Development of the visual system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * Describe the formation of the optic vesicle and cup * What is the choroid fissure? * Describe the formation of the lens * What gives rise to the pigmented layer of the retina? * What gives rise to the neural layer of the retina? * Describe the formation of the iris * Describe the formation of the ciliary body * What gives rise to the choroid? * What gives rise to the sclera? * What gives rise to the cornea? * What gives rise to the vitreous b...") Tag: Visual edit
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Eyeball structure.png
10:23, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Eyeball structure.png
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lens vesicle and optic cup formation.jpg
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lens vesicle and optic cup formation.jpg
10:22, 31 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 19. The placodes, the neural crest and their derivatives. Development of the peripheral nervous system (Created page with "== Learning objectives == * What is a placode? * Name all placodes and their derivatives * What is the neural crest? * What structures and cells do neural crest cells give rise to? * Describe the development of the peripheral nervous system == The placodes == A placode is a thickening of ectoderm which develops into a sensory organ or ganglion. There are multiple placodes, all of which are paired. === Lens placode === The lens placodes, also called the optic placodes,...") Tag: Visual edit