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08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 15. Effector mechanisms of cell-mediated immune response (Created page with "== Differentiation of <abbr>CD8</abbr>+ T-cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes == Naïve CD8+ need to be activated by an antigen before it can really be cytotoxic and kill other cells. As we know by now, CD8+ T-cells can only recognize antigens when they are presented by a cell through an MHC I molecule. thumb|This figure shows how CD8+ T-cells (CTL-P) are activated to become CTL cells. Naïve CD8+ cells are also called ''cytotoxic lymphocyt...") Tag: Visual edit
08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:NK cell recognition.png
08:37, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:NK cell recognition.png
08:36, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CTL cell cytotoxicity.png
08:36, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CTL cell cytotoxicity.png
08:35, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:CD8+ T-cell activation.png
08:35, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:CD8+ T-cell activation.png
08:33, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 14. Complement system (Created page with "The complement system is a major part of the effector system of the humoral (non-cellular) immune response. It’s a part of the innate immune system but has a connection to the adaptive immune system. It has several components. Inactive factors in the serum called complement factors will be activated and initiate an enzyme cascade, similar to the enzyme cascade of the blood clotting system. Cells have special receptors called complement receptors that bind activated co...") Tag: Visual edit
08:32, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Red blood cells phagocytosis transport.png
08:32, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Red blood cells phagocytosis transport.png
08:30, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Complement system pathways.png
08:30, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Complement system pathways.png
08:29, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 13. Effector functions of antibodies (Created page with "What is really the point of having immunoglobulins? Before an immunoglobulin has bound an antigen, they only have one function: to bind an antigen. We say that immunoglobulins are monofunctional before they bind the antigen. thumb|How antibodies neutralize pathogens to keep you healthy However, after an immunoglobulin has bound an antigen, it starts to have many functions. We say that they are polyfunctional after binding the anti...") Tag: Visual edit
08:28, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.png
08:28, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.png
08:26, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Macrophage phagocytosis.png
08:26, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Macrophage phagocytosis.png
08:25, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Antibody effector functions.png
08:25, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Antibody effector functions.png
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 12. B-cell affinity maturation and isotype switching (Created page with "== Affinity maturation == thumb|366x366px|Illustration of how changing the variable domain on an antibody can change the shape of the antigen-binding site and thereby increase its affinity for the antigen As written in the last topic, the follicular B-cells in the germinal center undergo a process called ''affinity maturation''. This causes the B-cells to produce antibodies with higher affinity to the antigen than originally. During the...") Tag: Visual edit
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Isotype switching.png
08:24, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Isotype switching.png
08:23, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Affinity maturation.png
08:23, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Affinity maturation.png
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 11. Extrafollicular and germinal centre reactions (Created page with "== B-cell subsets and their characteristics == === B1 B-cells === The B1 type B-cells are, like the γδ T-cells, made only during the embryonic life. Instead of dying out after that however, they renew themselves in our body, outside of lymphoid organs, in the periphery. The presence of a spleen is essential in the survival of the B1 B-cells. They produce low-affinity antibodies and sometimes even antibodies that can bind to self-antigens (antigens of proteins that are...") Tag: Visual edit
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Germinal centre.jpg
08:22, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Germinal centre.jpg
08:20, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 10. T-cell activation and peripheral T-cell differentiation (Created page with "== How do immune cells meet the antigen? == It’s important that the immune system has the correct reaction to an antigen, but for the immune system to do anything it has to know that there are foreign antigens present. If you cut your finger and only a few bacteria enter the wound (or survive the disinfectant you apply), it seems very unlikely that they will be recognized by an immune cell in a short period of time. File:T-cell circulation.png|thumb|333x333px|How T-c...") Tag: Visual edit
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Immunological synapse formation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Immunological synapse formation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:T-cell circulation.png
08:18, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:T-cell circulation.png
08:16, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 9. Central and peripheral T-cell differentiation. T-cell development in the thymus. (Created page with "thumb|The development of the different blood cell, the so-called haematopoiesis All T-cells start as hematopoietic stem cells (<abbr>HSC</abbr>) in the bone marrow. The HSC can differentiate into either the ''common myloid progenitor'' (CMP) or the ''common lymphoid progenitor'' (<abbr>CLP</abbr>). The presence of IL-7 will stimulate the differentiation of HSC to CLP. CLP will then differentiate into pro-T cells, which will migrate to the thym...") Tag: Visual edit
08:15, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Haematopoiesis.png
08:15, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Haematopoiesis.png
08:11, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 8. Primary B-cell development (Created page with "The primary B-cell development ends with a mature B-cell and takes place in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, while the secondary B-cell development takes place when the B-cell binds an antigen in a lymph node. Only 5% of the cells that begin primary B-cell development will finish it, the rest will die. == Development == B-cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. If the <abbr>HSC</abbr> expresses low levels of a protein called PU1, it w...") Tag: Visual edit
08:10, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:B cell development.png
08:10, 25 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:B cell development.png
20:44, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Concordance (Created page with "Concordance refers to the probability of two people in a pair having a certain phenotype (like a disorder) given that one of the two in the pair has it. It's commonly used to showcase how strong a genetic component is in a certain disorder. The "pair" mentioned is usually a pair of monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins are often compared, as monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share 50% of their genes. If there's higher...") Tag: Visual edit
20:37, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Schizophrenia (Created page with "Schizophrenia is a disorder characterised by chronic or recurrent psychosis, often with impairments in social and occupational functioning. It's a common disorder in psychiatry and a major cause of disability worldwide. The prevalence is approximately 1%, and it affects men slightly more often than women. The name comes from the Greek words "to split" (schizo) and "mind" (fren). == Etiology == The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown, but it's bel...") Tag: Visual edit
19:35, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Psychiatry (Created blank page) Tag: Visual edit
17:21, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 7. Organization and rearrangement of the antigen receptor genes (Created page with "== Organization and recombination of the immunoglobulin genes, VDJ recombination == For the adaptive immune system to work, each individual B-cell has to create different antibodies that can bind to different antigens, so that when a pathogen invades, at least one antibody can bind to one of the pathogen’s antigens. Because antibodies are just protein transcribed from DNA, the immunoglobulin-coding gene in each B-cell must be slightly different. This is done by recombi...") Tag: Visual edit
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ig heavy gene after recombination.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ig heavy gene after recombination.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Ig heavy chain gene.png
17:20, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Ig heavy chain gene.png
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page 6. Inflammatory reaction (Created page with "Activating the immune system eventually causes an inflammatory reaction, but how is it activated? Pathogens enters the body through an epithelial surface and are then taken up by blood or lymph. If taken up by blood, the blood will eventually reach the spleen, where erythrocytes meet leukocytes, so the leukocytes can recognize an antigen on the pathogen to start the immune reaction. If the pathogen is taken up by lymph, it will travel to a secondary lymphoid organ, most...") Tag: Visual edit
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Acute phase reaction.png
16:49, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Acute phase reaction.png
16:48, 15 January 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Extravasation.jpg