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09:09, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 3. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes (Created page with "Necrosis is the “catastrophic”, “dirty” (as opposed to clean apoptosis) type of cell death, the type that happens when something goes very wrong. That “something” can be many things (see causes of cell injury in topic 2). When a cellular injury is so severe that the cell cannot recover from it, we say that the injury has reached the point of no return, and that is when the cell undergoes necrosis. We often talk about necrosis as a response to hypoxia, often b...") Tag: Visual edit
09:05, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 2. Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury (Created page with "== Postmortal changes == The postmortal changes can be divided into two: the early postmortal changes and the late. There are 5 early changes and 6 late. Early postmortal changes: # Pallor mortis (paleness) #* Occurs because the absence of the circulation, which causes blood to pool in the deepest part of the body # Algor mortis (coldness) #* Around 6 hours after the death, the corpse gets cooled to the temperature of the surroundings # Rigor mortis (stiffness) #* Righ...") Tag: Visual edit
09:04, 6 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 1. The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject (Created page with "Pathology, from the Greek words pathos (suffering) and logos (subject), means the «study of suffering». It is both a discipline within medicine and a subject, both of which bridge the basic and clinical sciences. Pathology deals with the * Etiology (cause) of the disease * Morphology (macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic description of the disease) * Pathogenesis (mechanisms of development from the beginning until the manifestation of the disease) * Clinical s...") Tag: Visual edit
11:04, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 66. Pleural and mediastinal disorders (Created page with "== Pleural diseases == Like pulmonary hypertension, plural diseases are most commonly secondary complications of underlying pulmonary or cardiac diseases, and not a primary disease itself. === Pleural effusion === Pleural effusion is the abnormal presence of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid can either be transudate or exudate. Transudative pleural effusion (sometimes called hydrothorax) is most frequently caused by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the p...") Tag: Visual edit
11:01, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 65. Lung tumors (Created page with "=== Introduction and epidemiology === Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer, but it causes the most cancer-related deaths worldwide. Smoking is famously the biggest risk factor, and also the reason that lung cancer incidence increased dramatically during the 1900s. 85 – 90% of cases of lung cancer are attributable to smoking. Around 95% of all primary lung tumors are carcinomas (epithelial origin), and these four types are most important: * Non-small-cell lu...") Tag: Visual edit
11:00, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Typical locations of lung tumours.jpg
11:00, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Typical locations of lung tumours.jpg
10:59, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 64. Vascular diseases of the lung (Created page with "== Pulmonary congestion == The pulmonary circulation usually contains around 10% of the total blood volume. Pulmonary congestion refers to the condition where the pulmonary circulation contains significantly more blood, up to 20% of the total blood volume. The condition can either be active, where the body intentionally increases the blood volume in the pulmonary circulation due to an inflammatory process in the lungs, like pneumonia. As part of the inflammatory process...") Tag: Visual edit
10:57, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 63. Chronic restrictive lung diseases (Created page with "== Introduction == Diseases that affect the lung interstitium usually cause reduced compliance (increased stiffness) of the lung. This increases the work of breathing, leading to dyspnoea. Several parts of the interstitium is involved in gas exchange, like the alveolar epithelium and vessels, so diseases of the interstitium affect the gas exchange as well, causing V/Q mismatches and therefore possibly respiratory failure. Pulmonary hypertension occurs because the whole...") Tag: Visual edit
10:56, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 62. General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases (Created page with "== Introduction to obstructive lung diseases == Obstructive lung diseases are usually caused by increased airflow resistance, usually due to an obstruction at some point. Four types are important: * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ** Chronic bronchitis ** Emphysema * Bronchiectasis * Asthma Emphysema and chronic bronchitis usually occur together, so they’re together called ''chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases'', or COPD. They occur together because t...") Tag: Visual edit
10:56, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Airway in asthma.png
10:56, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Airway in asthma.png
10:56, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Structure of acini and the two most important types of emphysema..png
10:56, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Structure of acini and the two most important types of emphysema..png
10:54, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 61. Infectious disorders of the lower airways (Created page with "== Introduction == Pneumonia (the most common lower respiratory tract infection) is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyme, with involvement of the bronchioli and alveoli, most often caused by microbes. These are very common diseases and very common causes of death. They may be bacterial (most common), viral, fungal, due to aspiration, etc. Pneumonia is common because the lung is exposed to many litres of microbe-contaminated air every minute, and that smoking-rel...") Tag: Visual edit
10:53, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 60. Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury (Created page with "== Congenital anomalies of the lung == A bronchogenic cyst is an abnormal budding of the lung primordium. It’s commonly localized in the anterior mediastinum, and often contains respiratory epithelium and cartilage. Congenital lobar emphysema is a congenital anomaly characterized by hyperinflation of one or multiple lobes. It’s similar to panacinar emphysema. Surgical removal of the affected region cures the condition. Pulmonary sequestration is a condition where a...") Tag: Visual edit
10:52, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:The alveoli in acute lung injury..png
10:52, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:The alveoli in acute lung injury..png
10:51, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 59. Diseases of the upper airways (Created page with "== Introduction == The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses have pseudostratified kinociliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The nasopharynx has different epithelia in different parts * Lower and posterior regions have non-keratinizing stratified squamous * Near the choanae is the epithelium pseudostratified kinociliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells The epiglottis and true vocal fold have non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The false voca...") Tag: Visual edit
10:47, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 58. Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours (Created page with "== Vasculitis == Vasculitis is the general term for inflammation of vessel walls, characterised by fibrinoid necrosis and infiltration of the walls by inflammatory cells. The clinical manifestations can vary wildly, but they mostly depend of the area and type of vessel that is affected. Most vasculitides (yes that’s the plural form) affect the smaller vessels, like arterioles, capillaries and venules. The two most common pathomechanisms are immune-mediated inflammation...") Tag: Visual edit
10:47, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of vasculitides.png
10:47, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of vasculitides.png
10:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 57. Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms (Created page with "== Aneurysms == === Introduction and types === Aneurysms are dilatations of blood vessels or of the heart which occur due to a weakness in the vessel wall. They may be congenital or acquired. We have several types which are easiest explained by this figure: center|thumb|Types of aneurysms. We’ll discuss dissections later. True aneurysms involve all three layers of the vessel. Saccular aneurysms are single-sided dilations, while fusifor...") Tag: Visual edit
10:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Stanford types of aortic dissection..png
10:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Stanford types of aortic dissection..png
10:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Stanford B aortic dissection.jpg
10:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Stanford B aortic dissection.jpg
10:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of aneurysms..png
10:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of aneurysms..png
10:40, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 56. Congenital heart diseases (Created page with "== Introduction == Congenital heart disease (CHD) are anomalies of the heart and/or the great vessels that are present from birth. They’re the result of faulty embryogenesis in the first trimester. Some form of CHD occurs in 1 in every 100 births, and 12 disorders account for 85% of all CHDs. The occurrence of the most important is shown in the table below: {| class="wikitable" !Malformation !% of all CHDs |- |Ventricular septal defect |42 |- |Atrial septal defect |10...") Tag: Visual edit
10:39, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.jpg
10:39, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.jpg
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Aortic atresia.png
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Aortic atresia.png
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Complete pulmonary atresia.png
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Complete pulmonary atresia.png
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Coarctation of the aorta.png
10:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Coarctation of the aorta.png
10:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Truncus arteriosus communis.jpg
10:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Truncus arteriosus communis.jpg
10:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Transposition of the great vessels.png
10:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Transposition of the great vessels.png
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Tetralogy of Fallot.png
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Tetralogy of Fallot.png
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of ASDs.gif
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of ASDs.gif
10:32, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium (Created page with "== Myocarditis == Myocarditis, inflammation of the myocardium, can be divided into two groups: Those that are secondary to infections (non-immune/infectious type), and those that are secondary to immune reactions (immune-mediated type). Myocarditis is by definition an acute inflammation, however despite this are actually lymphocytes the most important type of leukocyte in this disease. Histologically can focal lymphocyte accumulations be seen, along with focal cell necr...") Tag: Visual edit
10:30, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Cardiomyopathies. Tumours and tumour-like conditions of the heart (Created page with "== Cardiomyopathies == Most heart muscle diseases are secondary to some other condition, like coronary artery disease, hypertension or valvular disease. These diseases are ''not'' cardiomyopathies. A cardiomyopathy (CMP) is defined as a primary (!) heart muscle disease, meaning that it doesn’t occur secondary due to any other disease. Specifically, we must exclude ischaemic, hypertensive and valvular heart diseases, to establish the presence of a cardiomyopathy. ''Pat...") Tag: Visual edit
10:28, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones) (Created page with "== Valvular heart disease == Any disease of the cardiac valves results in either stenosis, insufficiency or both. Stenosis is the failure of a valve to open completely. This obstructs the forward blood flow through valve. Stenosis almost always occurs due to a chronic process, like calcification or scarring of the valve. Insufficiency is the failure of a valve to close completely. This allows blood to flow backwards during systole or diastole, a process called ''regurg...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "== Introduction == Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) ** Unstable angina (UA)/unstable angina pectoris (UAP) ** Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) * ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Acute myocardial infarct (AMI) is...") Tag: Visual edit