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10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Diaphorase reaction..png
10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Diaphorase reaction..png
10:22, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death (Created page with "== Ischaemic heart disease == === Introduction === As cardiomyocytes generate almost all their energy from oxidative phosphorylation they are strictly dependent on continuous flow of oxygenated blood. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term ''coronary artery disease'' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology 1 - Theoretical exam topics (Created page with "Category:Pathology 1") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology 1 (Created page with "Category:3rd year") Tag: Visual edit
09:53, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 67. Benign and malignant bone tumours (Created page with "== Introduction == Primary bone tumors are considerably less common than bone metastases. We’ll discuss the primary bone tumors first. The primary bone tumors range from benign to very malignant. They are divided into five subgroups: * Bone-forming tumors ** Osteoma ** Osteoid osteoma ** Osteoblastoma ** Osteosarcoma * Cartilage-forming tumors ** Osteochondroma ** Chondroma ** Chondrosarcoma * Fibrous and fibroosseous tumors ** Fibrous cortical defect/nonossifying fi...") Tag: Visual edit
09:52, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 66. Hereditary, inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases (Created page with "== Introduction == Bone is comprised of an organic osteoid matrix which is mineralized by a calcium phosphate salt called hydroxyapatite. It’s a dynamic tissue that is constantly remodelled by being resorbed and put down but osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Bone is comprised of proteins like type I collagen and many noncollagenous proteins produced by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts produce either woven bone or lamellar bone. Woven bone is the result of rapid bone...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 65. Inflammatory skin diseases (Created page with "== Urticaria == Urticaria (commonly known as “hives”) is a condition where erythematous, oedematous and pruritic plaques called ''wheals'' arise on the skin. It can be caused by a multitude of factors, like allergens, insect bites, cold, stress, pressure and even normal water. Pathogenesis: A type I hypersensitivity reaction against antigens like pollen, food or drugs causes mast cells in the skin to degranulate. This causes the small arteries in the dermis to becom...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 64. Epithelial tumours of the skin (Created page with "== Benign epithelial lesions == Seborrheic keratosis is a benign neoplasm of squamous cells which mostly affects the elderly. It is a round, exophytic plaque that are classically described as if they were “stuck on” the skin. Histology shows papillomatosis (hyperplasia of the dermal papillae), Hyperkeratosis and keratin-filled cysts. They’re not associated with sun exposure. The sudden onset of many seborrheic keratoses is called Leser-Trélat sign and is a paraneo...") Tag: Visual edit
09:45, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 63. Melanocytic lesions (+ introduction to skin lesions) (Created page with "== Introduction == Before we begin, we need to know some macroscopic skin lesions. Excoriation is a traumatic skin lesion often caused by scratching its own skin. A red linear mark forms as the epidermis is broken. Lichenification is a thickened and rough skin characterised by prominent skin markings. It’s characteristic for lichen simplex chronicus. It can occur in response to of repeated rubbing or itching of the skin. A macule is a flat, circumscribed lesion less...") Tag: Visual edit
09:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Vesicles.jpg
09:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Vesicles.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Scaly skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Scaly skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Purulent-pustule-on-the-skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Purulent-pustule-on-the-skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Plaque in psoriasis.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Plaque in psoriasis.jpg
09:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Papule.jpg
09:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Papule.jpg
09:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Macule.jpg
09:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Macule.jpg
09:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lichenification.jpg
09:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lichenification.jpg
09:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 62. Breast carcinoma. Pathogenesis, types, prognosis (Created page with "=== Definition and epidemiology === Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and it’s the second most common cause of cancer mortality. The condition is related to increased oestrogen. When we talk about breast cancer we can mean either non-invasive or invasive carcinoma. These tumors develop from different parts of the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU). They most frequently affect the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Breast cancer is most common in old...") Tag: Visual edit
09:35, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 61. Mastitides (lactational, ductus ectasia, fat necrosis, galactocele). Mastopathies (fibrocystic change). Fibroepthelial tumours. (Created page with "== Introduction == The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is the functional unit of the breast. Like the name suggests it’s comprised of a lobule + the terminal duct that lobule empties into. The lobule produces milk, and the duct carries that milk to the nipple. center|thumb|Breast duct anatomy. From <nowiki>https://ultrasoundregistryreview.com/BreastTrial4.html</nowiki> All ducts and lobules of the breasts have two cell layers. The fir...") Tag: Visual edit
09:34, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Breast duct anatomy.jpg
09:34, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Breast duct anatomy.jpg
09:33, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 60. Pathology of pregnancy II (transplacental infections, chromosomal aberrations) (Created page with "== Placental infections == Infections may reach the placenta by ascension through the birth canal or by transplacental spread. The placenta is comprised of many parts and we must therefore introduce a few new terms: * Chorioamnionitis – infection of the foetal membranes * Funisitis – infection of the umbilical cord * Villitis – infection of the placental villi Ascending infections of the placenta are much more common than transplacental ones. These infections are...") Tag: Visual edit
09:31, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 59. Pathology of pregnancy I (implantation disorders, gestosis, trophoblastic tumours) (Created page with "== Implantation disorders == Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of the fertilized ovum at a site other than the uterine wall. Ectopic pregnancies occur in 1% of all pregnancies, and 90% of these occur in the fallopian tube. Other possible sites include the ovary and the abdominal cavity. The main risk factor for this is scarring of the fallopian tube, which decreases the speed at which the egg is moved through the tube, increasing the risk that it will implant...") Tag: Visual edit
09:30, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 58. Cysts and tumours of the ovaries (surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cordstromal tumours, tumours, metastases) (Created page with "== Ovaries == The functional unit of the ovary is the ovarian follicle, which is comprised of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells. The theca cells respond to LH by producing androgens from cholesterol. The granulosa cells respond to FSH by converting the androgens produced by the theca cells into oestrogens like oestradiol. The enzyme used to perform this conversion is called ''aromatase''. Oestradiol stimulates the oocyte to mature. It also stimulates the...") Tag: Visual edit
09:28, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 57. Diseases of the uterus and fallopian tubes (Created page with "== Endometrial carcinoma == Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract in the western world. The peak incidence is between 50 and 70 years old. It is rare before the age of 40. We divide endometrial carcinoma into two histological subtypes, endometrioid type (type I) and non-endometrioid type (type II). These types are histologically and pathogenetically distinct. Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma gets its name as they are histological...") Tag: Visual edit
09:27, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 56. Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Dysfunctional bleedings. Endometrial hyperplasia. Endometritises (Created page with "== Introduction == The uterine corpus is composed of endometrial mucosa and underlying smooth muscle myometrium. The endometrium is comprised of a functional layer, which proliferates and then sloughs during the menstrual cycle, and a basal layer, from which the functional layer grows each cycle. Oestrogen is essential for growth of the endometrial glands while progesterone is essential for growth of the endometrial stroma. In normal cycles menstruation occurs because p...") Tag: Visual edit
09:26, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Inflammations, tumourlike lesions and tumours of the cervix. Carcinoma of the cervix (pathogenesis, pathomorphology, screening) (Created page with "== Cervix == The cervix is the “neck” of the uterus, hence the name. It’s divided into the exocervix and the endocervix. The exocervix is covered by stratified squamous epithelium while the endocervix is covered by simple columnar epithelium. The junction between the two is called the ''squamocolumnar junction''. == Cervicitis == Cervicitis can be infectious and non-infectious. It’s most frequently caused by common sexually transmitted infections. Here are the m...") Tag: Visual edit
09:24, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Pathology of the vulva and vagina. Sexually transmitted diseases (Created page with "''Written by ms. Worldwide, edited by Nikolas'' == Lesions of the vulva == The vulva is the external female genitalia and includes the most hair-bearing skin and mucosa in that region. It involves the labia majora and minora. Most pathologies of the vulva are more annoying than serious. A Bartholin cyst is a cyst that occurs when the Bartholin glands that lubricate the vaginal vestibule becomes obstructed, causing the gland to enlarge. It usually occurs unilaterally an...") Tag: Visual edit
09:22, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. Testicular tumours, classification, tumour markers (Created page with "== Introduction == Testicular cancer is most frequent in young males. It is the most common tumor in men in the 15 – 35 age group. There are 6 – 8 new cases per 100 000 every year in Hungary. There are three age peaks where testicular cancer is most common: * 15 – 35 years (the most common age group) * 0 – 10 years * > 60 years Common risk factors include: * Cryptorchidism * Previous testicular cancer * Positive family history * Gonadal dysgenesis ** Klinefelt...") Tag: Visual edit
09:21, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of testicular germ cell tumours.png
09:21, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of testicular germ cell tumours.png
09:20, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of testicular tumours.png
09:20, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of testicular tumours.png
09:17, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. Congenital abnormalities and infammatory diseases of the testes. Pathology of the appendices of the testis (epidydimis, spermatic cord) (Created page with "== Congenital abnormalities of the testes == The testes develop in the retroperitoneum and descend through the abdominal cavity and the inguinal canal into the scrotum. The descent into the pelvis usually occurs within month 3 of intrauterine life while the descent through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum occurs during the last 2 months. It’s not uncommon that the last step occurs during the first months of life. Cryptorchidism is the most common abnormality he...") Tag: Visual edit
09:16, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Tumours of the prostate (Created page with "== Prostate cancer == Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men, accounting for around 25% of cases. However, it causes only 9% of all cancer deaths, which shows that it has a low mortality. This is owed mostly to regular screening of PSA levels and digital rectal examination. The efficacy of screening for prostate cancer is debated. The reason for this is that not all cases of prostate cancer are aggressive and fatal; many cases follow a very indolent co...") Tag: Visual edit
09:15, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 50. Prostatitides. Hyperplasia of the prostate, complications (Created page with "== Prostate == thumb|Zones of the prostate The prostate is divided into several biologically distinct regions as seen on the image. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in the transitional zone (TZ) and periurethral zone, while most cancers occur in the peripheral zone (PZ). The prostate is comprised of glands and stroma. The glands are comprised of two cell layers, a flat basal cell layer and a luminal columnar secretory cell lay...") Tag: Visual edit
09:13, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Zones of the prostate.png
09:13, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Zones of the prostate.png
09:11, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 49. Congenital malformations, inflammations and tumors of the penis (Created page with "== Congenital malformations of the penis == Three congenital malformations of the penis are important, whereas two of them are similar: * Diphallus – the presence of an accessory penis. Extremely rare * Epispadias – distal urethral orifice is present on the dorsal/superior aspect of the penis * Hypospadias – distal urethral orifice is present on the ventral/inferior aspect of the penis Of the latter two, hypospadias is more common. It occurs when the urethral fol...") Tag: Visual edit
09:10, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 48. Tumours of smooth and striated muscle (leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, types) (Created page with "== Tumours of smooth muscle == Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas are the benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors, respectively. Leiomyomas occur in five different subtypes: * Classic leiomyoma – most common type * Cutaneous leiomyoma – originates from arrector pili * Deep soft tissue leiomyoma – in the retroperitoneum or abdominal cavity * Genital leiomyoma – originates from genital smooth muscle in the nipples or external genital organs * Vascular leiomyoma –...") Tag: Visual edit
09:09, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 47. Tumours of adipose tissue and peripheral nerves, synovial sarcoma (Created page with "''Since writing this topic, "extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma" has been added to the topic.'' == Introduction == Tumors of the adipose tissues are either subtypes of lipoma or subtypes of liposarcoma. Here are some important types: * Lipoma ** Conventional lipoma ** Angiolipoma – comprised of adipocytes and blood vessels ** Angiomyolipoma – comprised of adipocytes, smooth muscle cells and vessels ** Intramuscular lipoma – arises from adipose tissue within muscle ** Hi...") Tag: Visual edit
09:08, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 46. Pathogenesis and frequency of soft tissue tumours. Fibrous tumours and tumourlike lesions. Fibrosarcoma. Fibromatoses. Socalled fibrohistiocytic tumors. (Created page with "== Introduction == “Soft tissue” refers to any nonepithelial tissue other than bone, cartilage, CNS, haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. In practice it refers to muscle, adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, vessels and the peripheral nervous system. Tumors can arise from any of these tissues. Recall that a sarcoma is a tumor originating from connective tissue cells like fibroblasts and adipocytes. == Soft tissue tumours == Like most tumors, soft tissue tumors can be cl...") Tag: Visual edit
09:06, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 45. Causes and clinical consequences of hyperplasia and atrophy of the suprarenal gland. Cortical tumours of the suprarenal gland (morphology, clinical syndromes) Cortical insufficiency of the suprarenal gland. Tumors of the adrenal medulla. (Created page with "== Introduction == The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands consisting of a cortex and a medulla. The cortex is comprised of three layers, each of which produce a type of hormone: * Zona glomerulosa – produces mineralocorticoids, especially aldosterone * Zona fasciculata – produces glucocorticoids, especially cortisol * Zona reticularis – produces sex steroids, especially androgens The zona fasciculata accounts for 75% of the cortex, making it much thicker...") Tag: Visual edit