Syphilis: Difference between revisions
(Created page with "<section begin="dermatology" />* Sometimes called ''lues'' * Treponema pallidum * Risk factors ** Men who have sex with men ** Promiscuity ** Unprotected sex * Incubation period 10 – 90 days (average 21) * Has 4 characteristic stages ** Primary syphilis *** Characterised by a special lesion called a ''chancre'' *** Chancres occur at the site where the bacterium enters the body *** It’s a painless, firm ulcer with indurated borders and a smooth base *** Chancres resol...") |
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** Treatment | ** Treatment | ||
*** For prevention, primary, secondary and early latent syphilis | *** For prevention, primary, secondary and early latent syphilis | ||
**** 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G intramuscularly – single dose | **** 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G intramuscularly – single dose (one 1,2 mill IU vial in each gluteus) | ||
*** For tertiary (except neurosyphilis) and late latent syphilis | *** For tertiary (except neurosyphilis) and late latent syphilis | ||
**** 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G IM – once weekly for three weeks | **** 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G IM – once weekly for three weeks |
Revision as of 17:56, 17 July 2024
- Sometimes called lues
- Treponema pallidum
- Risk factors
- Men who have sex with men
- Promiscuity
- Unprotected sex
- Incubation period 10 – 90 days (average 21)
- Has 4 characteristic stages
- Primary syphilis
- Characterised by a special lesion called a chancre
- Chancres occur at the site where the bacterium enters the body
- It’s a painless, firm ulcer with indurated borders and a smooth base
- Chancres resolve spontaneously without scarring after 3 – 6 weeks
- Secondary syphilis
- Known as the “great imitator” as its skin symptoms resemble those of many other skin diseases
- Both systemic and mucocutaneous lesions
- Begins 8 – 12 weeks after primary infection
- Lasts 2 – 6 weeks
- Disseminated, symmetric rash
- Polymorphic, i.e. can take on many appearances
- Typically nonpruritic macular or papular rash
- Reddish-brown
- Roseola syphilitica = macules on trunk and flexor aspects of the extremities
- Corona veneris
- Maculopapular lesions
- On forehead or back of neck
- Clavus syphiliticus = maculopapular lesions on palms and soles
- Mucous patches
- White patches on mucous membranes
- Condyloma lata
- Broad-based, wart-like papular erosions
- In anogenital region, intertriginous folds, oral mucosa
- Patchy alopecia
- Leucoderma syphiliticum
- Hypopigmentation
- Necklace of Venus = hypopigmentation around the neck
- Differential diagnosis: pityriasis versicolor
- Non-cutaneous and non-mucosal symptoms
- Pharyngitis
- Iritis
- Hepatitis
- Generalized nontender lymphadenopathy
- Meningitis
- Latent syphilis
- The patient is seropositive but there are no symptoms
- Can last months, years or the rest of the patient’s life
- There are four outcomes
- The disease resolves and the patient becomes healthy
- The disease reactivates as secondary syphilis
- The disease progresses into tertiary syphilis
- The patient dies before any of these outcomes occur
- Tertiary syphilis
- Occur in approx. 30% of untreated patients in the latent stage
- Late benign syphilis
- Gummas
- Destructive and ulcerative granulomatous lesions with necrotic centre
- Can occur anywhere on or in the body, even on organs and bones
- Nodules
- Psoriasiform granulomatous lesions
- Gummas
- Cardiovascular syphilis
- Aortitis with resulting aneurysm of the aorta
- Dilated aortic root
- Neurosyphilis
- Early neurosyphilis
- Meningitis
- Stroke
- Late neurosyphilis
- Tabes dorsalis
- Demyelination of the dorsal column and dorsal root ganglia
- Causes a broad-based ataxia
- Dysesthesia
- General paresis
- Widespread cerebellar atrophy
- Dementia
- Argyll Robertson pupil (Bilateral miosis, pupils don’t react to light)
- Tabes dorsalis
- Early neurosyphilis
- Diagnosis
- Direct visualization of treponema
- In the primary stage, when the serological tests below can be negative
- Darkfield microscopy
- Specimen from a lesion
- Nontreponemal tests – for screening
- RPR
- VDRL
- Sensitive, not specific
- Treponemal test – for confirming the diagnosis
- TPPA
- FTA-ABS
- Specific, not sensitive
- Direct visualization of treponema
- Treatment
- For prevention, primary, secondary and early latent syphilis
- 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G intramuscularly – single dose (one 1,2 mill IU vial in each gluteus)
- For tertiary (except neurosyphilis) and late latent syphilis
- 2,4 million units of benzathine penicillin G IM – once weekly for three weeks
- For neurosyphilis
- IV penicillin G for 10 to 14 days
- Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction may occur
- Systemic reaction to bacterial endotoxins
- Is usually self-limiting
- In case of penicillin allergy
- Doxycycline
- Desensitization to penicillin, then use penicillin as normal
- For prevention, primary, secondary and early latent syphilis
- Primary syphilis