B11. Hyperandrogenic disorders, PCOS: Difference between revisions
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== Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) == | == Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) == | ||
Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterised by oligomenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism, and anovulation. It’s a common disorder, as it affects approx. 10% of women. It’s the most common cause of hyperandrogenism in females. | <section begin="clinical biochemistry" />Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterised by oligomenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism, and anovulation. It’s a common disorder, as it affects approx. 10% of women. It’s the most common cause of hyperandrogenism in females. | ||
Symptoms usually begin in adolescence. | Symptoms usually begin in adolescence. | ||
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=== Risk factors === | === Risk factors === | ||
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The chronic anovulation is a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. | The chronic anovulation is a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. | ||
<section begin="clinical biochemistry" /> | |||
=== Diagnosis and evaluation === | === Diagnosis and evaluation === | ||
We should test for biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, by measuring serum androgens. We can also measure an LH:FSH ratio of > 3:1. | We should test for biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, by measuring serum androgens. We can also measure an LH:FSH ratio of > 3:1. | ||
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After diagnosis, we should screen for diabetic, cardiovascular, and hepatic complications. | After diagnosis, we should screen for diabetic, cardiovascular, and hepatic complications. | ||
<section end="clinical biochemistry" /> | |||
=== Differential diagnosis === | === Differential diagnosis === | ||
It’s important to rule out other causes of oligomenorrhoea: | It’s important to rule out other causes of oligomenorrhoea: |
Revision as of 15:21, 30 May 2024
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperandrogenism in females is defined as a state of excess androgen levels which cause symptoms such as hirsutism, acne, excessive hair growth, and male-pattern hair loss. PCOS accounts for 80% of causes, but other causes include:
- Non-classic CAH
- Cushing disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Androgen-secreting tumour
Women with excessive hair growth often shave their facial hair, so it might be difficult to evaluate. However, hair on the chest and fingers grows only in the case of hyperandrogenism and can be used to evaluate it.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterised by oligomenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism, and anovulation. It’s a common disorder, as it affects approx. 10% of women. It’s the most common cause of hyperandrogenism in females.
Symptoms usually begin in adolescence.
Risk factors
- Obesity
- Diabetes mellitus
- Family history
Pathomechanism
The pathomechanism is unknown. One hypothesis is that obesity leads to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, which increases the frequency of GnRH pulses from the hypothalamus, which stimulates LH more than FSH. This leads to increased androgen production and decreased follicular maturation in the ovaries. However, many PCOS patients are not overweight.
Another hypothesis is that the ovarian capsule is thickened, which prevents follicles from rupturing, causing follicles to accumulate and grow into cyst.
Clinical features
- Oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea
- Hyperandrogenism
- Hirsutism
- Acne
- Male-pattern hair loss
- Other symptoms
- Overweight or obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Mood disorders
The chronic anovulation is a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
Diagnosis and evaluation
We should test for biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, by measuring serum androgens. We can also measure an LH:FSH ratio of > 3:1.
Transvaginal ultrasound is essential to look for polycystic ovaries.
The diagnosis is made based on the Rotterdam criteria. According to these criteria, at least two of these three criteria must be present:
- Oligo/anovulation
- Hyperandrogenism (clinical or on labs)
- Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
After diagnosis, we should screen for diabetic, cardiovascular, and hepatic complications.
Differential diagnosis
It’s important to rule out other causes of oligomenorrhoea:
- Physiological oligo-amenorrhoea in teenagers
- Non-classic CAH – by measuring 17-hydroxyprogesterone
- Pregnancy – by measuring hCG
- Thyroid disease – by measuring TSH
- Hyperprolactinaemia – by measuring prolactin
Treatment
All overweight patient should undergo lifestyle changes to achieve weight loss and increase physical activity. These interventions improve both physical and psychiatric symptoms.
Combined oral contraceptive pills decrease the hyperandrogenism, restore normal menstrual cycles, and provide protection against endometrial cancer. If they’re not sufficient, we can add antiandrogens like spironolactone or cyproterone acetate.
Metformin is also commonly used. It restores normal menstrual cycles in 50% of women.
If weight loss is not sufficient to treat infertility in those with infertility who desire pregnancy, we should use drugs to induce ovulation.