View source for 12. Health issues and disparities of people living with disabilities

* Disability = lack of ability compared to a standard or norm
** Mental disability (impaired intellectual ability)
** Physical disability (mobility)
** Sensory disability (visual/hearing)
* Physical disability
** = impaired ability to move or coordinate movements
** The most frequent disability (10% of USA)
** Due to musculoskeletal or neurological problems
** Causes
*** Accidents, injuries
*** Genetic diseases (muscular dystrophies, etc.)
*** Developmental disorders (intrauterine infections or chemical exposure)
**** Thalidomide
*** Osteoporosis
** Consequences
*** Muscle atrophy
*** Psychological
**** Depression
*** Social
**** Family care is usually needed
**** Impaired career and employment possibilities
** Prevention
*** Primary
**** Ensure calcium and vitamin D intake (reduces osteoporosis)
**** Weight-bearing exercise (reduces osteoporosis)
**** Enforce road safety
**** Reduce alcohol
**** Disability-friendly buildings, etc.
*** Secondary
**** Screening for musculoskeletal disorders
**** Regular physical examination
* Mental disability
** Affects 3% of population
** Causes
*** Idiopathic
*** Down syndrome
*** Foetal alcohol syndrome
** Risk factors
*** Poor maternal nutrition
*** Perinatal trauma
*** Neonatal jaundice
*** Postnatal infections or toxins
** Present for birth or early infancy
** Limits normal activities of life
** Diagnosed based on IQ, adaptive skills
*** Mild mental retardation < 70 IQ
*** Severe mental retardation < 35 IQ
** Down syndrome
*** Most frequent cause of mental disability
*** Characteristic facial features
*** High maternal age is the most important risk factor
*** Frequent health problems (congenital heart disease, cataract, poor immune system, leukaemia)
** Prevention
*** Pregnancy counselling
*** Prenatal diagnosis
*** Neonatal screening for metabolic disorders
* Visual disability
** Causes
*** Idiopathic
*** Cataract
*** Glaucoma
*** Diabetic retinopathy
*** Vitamin A deficiency
*** Infections
** Consequences
*** More frequent accidents
*** Depression
** Prevention
*** Primary
**** Ensure vitamin A intake
**** Increase safety of environment
**** Disability-friendly buildings, etc.
*** Secondary
**** Regular physical examination
*** Tertiary
**** Treat underlying cause
* Hearing disability
** Affects 10% of developed countries
** Causes
*** Noise-induced
*** Frequent otitis media in childhood
*** Congenital conditions
** Prevention
*** Primary
**** Reduce noise pollution
**** Increase safety of environment
**** Disability-friendly buildings, etc.
*** Secondary
**** Screening for hearing loss in infants
*** Tertiary
**** Prevent further hearing loss

[[Category:Public health 1 - Basics of disease prevention]]