Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy, also called cysturethroscopy, is a procedure where a cystoscope (an endoscope) is inserted into the urethra to examine the urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, urinary bladder, and uretral orifices. The endoscope can visualise the organs, take biopsy samples, and perform a limited number of therapeutic interventions like cauterisation. It's one of the most common procedures performed in urology.

Indications

• Haematuria
• Suspicion of tumour
• Urinary obstruction
• Recurrent UTIs
• Urinary incontinence
• Bladder biopsy
• Placement of DJ stent

Types

• Flexible cystoscope
  • Takes on the shape of the urethra -> more comfortable, less pain
  • Does not allow for therapeutic intervention or deeper biopsies
• Rigid cystoscope
  • Is not flexible and therefore more painful to use, especially for men
  • Allows for therapeutic intervention and deeper biopsies
  • Must be performed under general or spinal anaesthesia

Contraindications

• Acute urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis
• Febrile UTI

Performing cystoscopy on a patient with urinary infection may lead to sepsis.

Technique

• Disinfection of urethral area
• Application of lidocaine gel
• Prepare conductive or non-conductive irrigation fluid
• Insert the cystourethroscope
• Inspect all parts of the urethra, bladder, and ureteral orifices