Congenital anomalies of the urethra

Posterior urethral valve

• = tissue which obstructs the posterior urethra
• Common cause of urinary tract obstruction in newborn males
  • Only affects males
• Associated with pulmonary hypoplasia
• Diagnosis by voiding cystogram
• Treatment: Valve ablation with cystoscopy

Hypospadias

• External urethral opening on ventral penis
• Only symptomatic cases require surgery

Epispadias

• External urethral opening on dorsal penis
• Often associated with bladder exstrophy
• Treatment: surgery