Congenital anomalies of the kidney

• Congenital solitary kidney
  • Usually asymptomatic
    • However, they have a higher risk for kidney disease and should be monitored regularly
  • The remaining kidney is usually hypertrophic
  • Anatomical congenital solitary kidney
    • The other kidney is absent (renal agenesis)
  • Functional congenital solitary kidney
    • The other kidney is non-functional
    • Renal aplasia, renal dysplasia, or renal hypoplasia
• Horseshoe kidney
  • The left and right inferior poles are fused
  • Usually asymptomatic, but have increased risk of kidney disease
• Ectopic kidney
  • Kidney is in abnormal position
  • Usually asymptomatic
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
  • Presents with chronic renal failure or hypertension in adulthood
  • Decreases life expectancy
• Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • Presents with chronic renal and liver failure in childhood
  • Either die within the first month or within 15 years
    • Those that die within the first month have pulmonary hypoplasia