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Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection refers to the arterial dissection of the aorta and is, like aortic aneurysm, mostly a disease of older men. It’s a quite deadly condition, with high mortality rate even with treatment. It's one form of acute aortic syndrome.

Aortic dissection is problematic because it may rupture the aorta, or it may cause downstream ischaemia. If the dissection occurs above where a branching artery originates, the branching artery will no longer be supplied by blood from the true lumen but rather from the false lumen. Circulation in the false lumen is worse than in the true lumen or even completely absent, which may cause ischaemia of supplied tissues. Thrombi may also form in the false lumen, which may embolise.

Etiology

The biggest risk factors for aortic dissections are:

Classification

 
Stanford types of aortic dissection. The arrows show where the intimal rupture can be.

Two classification systems exist for aortic dissections, the Stanford classifications and DeBakey classifications, but the Stanford classification is the one which is used. Stanford type A aortic dissection originates from the ascending aorta and may extend all the way to the iliac bifurcation. Stanford type B aortic dissection originates from the beginning of the descending aorta and may also extend to the bifurcation. Stanford type A is the worst type.

Clinical features

Dissection usually causes sudden severe pain in the chest, back (interscapular), abdomen, or neck. Depending on the complications of the dissection, symptoms of ischaemia of other organs as well as bleeding may also be present:

There are no specific clinical signs. Involvement of the subclavian artery may cause falsely low blood pressure when measured at the affected arm. Difference in radial pulse and brachial blood pressure between the two arms is relatively specific but only occurs in 30% (if the subclavian artery is affected). Absent pulse in carotid or iliac arteries may be a sign that these arteries are blocked by the false lumen. A diastolic murmur may be audible if aortic regurgitation has occured. Absent bowel sounds may be a sign of intestinal ischaemia.

Diagnosis and evaluation

Chest x-ray may be the initial evaluation and may show widened mediastinum and irregular contour of the aorta.

The gold standard is CT angiography. Visualisation of two lumen separated by an intimal dissection flap gives the diagnosis. The true lumen is often the smaller of the two. The true and false lumen can also be distinguished based on that the great arteries (coeliac trunk, SMA) usually originate from the true lumen. Echocardiography should always be performed to look for cardiac complications.

ECG should always be performed to look for inferior AMI.

Treatment

Aortic dissection is an emergency and so the patient must be admitted, usually to the ICS.

So-called anti-impulse therapy, involving urgent intravenous antihypertensive treatment to decrease BP and HR (which reduces stress on the aortic wall), is always indicated. This involves beta blockers and vasodilators (nitroprusside/nicardipine). The blood pressure should be decreased to lower-normal ranges.

Emergency surgery is indicated for Stanford type A dissections, and Stanford type B dissections with complications. Uncomplicated Stanford type B dissections has lower mortality when treated conservatively rather than with surgery.

Surgery involves the replacement of the affected part of the aorta with a prosthesis, or the insertion of a stent graft, or a combination of the two. An affected aortic valve must be replaced.

Possible procedures include Bentall procedure, Frozen elephant trunk, etc.

For secondary prevention, atherosclerotic risk factors should be treated, and blood pressure should be kept < 140/90. ‎