'''Pancreatic endocrine tumours''' are [[Neuroendocrine tumour|neuroendocrine tumours]], which prod
...tumours are associated with [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1]].
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[[Category:Endocrine surgery]]
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...to be pushed outwards (exophthalmos). This condition is called Graves or [[endocrine ophthalmopathy]]. The antibodies also stimulate fibroblasts in the skin, ca
* Graves/[[endocrine ophthalmopathy]] (which causes exophthalmos)
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<noinclude>[[Category:Endocrine surgery]]</noinclude>
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Adrenal surgery is mostly performed [[Laparoscopic surgery|laparoscopically]]. Large tumours (> 10 cm, mostly cancers) may be operated
[[Category:Endocrine surgery]]
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These tumours may grow or become malignant, and they may worsen other endocrine diseases like [[diabetes mellitus]], [[osteoporosis]], or [[hypertension]].
[[Category:Endocrine surgery]]
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...all four glands equally. It can be idiopathic or associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. It accounts for approximately 15% of cases of primary hyperparat
...commonly due to surgical removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery, or due to autoimmune destruction. The result is hypocalcemia.
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Indications of thyroid surgery:
...and laryngeal examination ([[laryngoscopy]]) are essential before thyroid surgery.
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...all four glands equally. It can be idiopathic or associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. It accounts for approximately 15% of cases of primary hyperparat
If primary PHT is evident on labs and surgery is indicated, studies should be performed to localise the pathology. This i
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...nes can act by endocrine, neurocrine, paracrine or autocrine pathways. The endocrine hormones are those which will be examined in the next bulk of topics.
Most endocrine organs are controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary. This forms a hypot
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<noinclude>[[Category:Endocrine surgery]]</noinclude>
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* [[Coma]] due to shock, metabolic, endocrine conditions
<noinclude>[[Category:Transplant surgery]]</noinclude>
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...sufficiency. Impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus may be due to endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Increased content of lipids in the stool may indi
Surgery is indicated for:
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=== Endocrine ===
It mustn’t be forgotten that adipose tissue has functions as an endocrine organ. Adipose tissue secretes oestrogen and prolactin, which may increase
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* Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and 2B
...enoxybenzamine should be given to prevent a hypertensive crisis during the surgery. Physically touching the tumor may trigger catecholamine release and so the
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Medullary carcinomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a and 2b (MEN-2). It has a poor prognosis.
...dioactive iodine ablation]] and TSH suppression therapy are used after the surgery. TSH is a growth factor and so suppression of it prevents tumour recurrence
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* Metabolic or endocrine coma
[[Category:Transplant surgery]]
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** Bypass surgery
* Endocrine/metabolic disorders
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<section begin="surgery" /><section begin="oncology" />'''Lung cancer''' is the second most frequen
<section end="surgery" />
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...ltrasound and physical examination should undergo surgical exploration. If surgery and intraoperative frozen histology sections cannot rule out malignancy, or
=== Organ sparing surgery ===
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