12. Screening of malignant diseases

• CRC
  • Begins at age 50
  • Sigmoidoscopy
  • Colonoscopy
  • CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
  • Faecal occult blood test
• Breast
  • Yearly mammogram after 40
  • Clinical breast exam every 3 years after 20
  • Breast self exam
• Prostate
  • Controversial screening
    • May lead to treatment of cases which wouldn’t have been bothersome anyway
  • For high-risk people
    • BRCA
    • Black
    • History of prostate cc
  • PSA
  • DRE
• Cervical
  • 21 – 30
    • Pap smear every 3 years
  • 30 – 65
    • Pap smear every 5 years
    • HPV test every 5 years
  • Over 65
    • Not tested
  • Vaccinated women should also be screened
  • High risk screened more often
• Lung
  • People above the age of 50 with at least 20 pack-years
  • Low-dose CT scan
  • National screening programmes are only active in the US and China, but is under consideration in most EU countries