5. Levels of prevention

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  • Prevention can occur on an individual or on a population level
    • Individual level prevention: Counselling, screening, etc.
    • Population level prevention: Public health campaigns, programmes, etc.
  • Primordial prevention
    • (Actually a type of primary prevention)
    • Involves establishing conditions which minimize health hazards
    • Involves the whole population
    • Established through public health policies on a national level
    • Examples
      • Laws against smoking
      • Increasing taxes on unhealthy goods (sugar, alcohol)
      • Improve city infrastructure
      • Reduce pollution
      • Make vaccination programmes
      • Improving the socioeconomic status of the population
  • Primary prevention
    • Reducing risk of disease by altering behaviours or exposures which are risk factors for disease
    • Involves the whole population
    • Examples
      • Immunization (vaccination)
      • Lifestyle modification
      • Food fortification
      • Routine family doctor consultation
      • Encourage smoking cessation
  • Secondary prevention
    • Detecting diseases which are as of yet asymptomatic, before they progress or cause complications or complications
      • Treating diseases in these stages is easier and more effective than later stages
    • Reduces the impact of a disease or injury which has already occurred
    • Involves individuals who are at high risk for the disease
    • Secondary prevention does not intend to diagnose diseases, but only to pick up those who may need further testing
    • Examples
      • Screening for breast cancer, CRC
      • Regular blood pressure testing
  • Tertiary prevention
    • Managing symptomatic diseases after diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression
    • Involves individuals diagnosed with disease
    • Examples
      • Cardiac rehabilitation
      • Monitoring for disease complication