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17:38, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B15. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (Created page with "== Gonorrhoea == Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It mostly affects young adults. It may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease. === Clinical features === Women are often asymptomatic (30 – 60%). The incubation time can be days or weeks. Symptoms in women can be: * Dysuria * Yellow, purulent, malodourous discharge * Cervical tenderness and bleeding on physical examination === Diagnosis and evaluation === PCR of a vaginal and endocervical swab is the...") Tag: Visual edit
17:36, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B14. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (Created page with "Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication of the ovarian hyperstimulation which occurs during fertility treatments. It is characterised by enlarged ovaries, increased vascular permeability, and third spacing of fluid from the vessels to the abdominal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. This can cause hydrothorax, pericardial effusion, and haemoconcentration. These features are caused by high exogenous levels of hCG. Patients who become pregnant from th...") Tag: Visual edit
17:35, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B13. Treatment of infertility (ovulation induction therapy, AIH, IVF, ICSI) (Created page with "== Ovulation induction therapy == Ovulation induction therapy is a form of medical therapy used to induce ovulation. It involves blocking the negative feedback of oestradiol on the hypothalamus, causing an increase in GnRH pulse frequency, which causes increased FSH and LH levels. This induces ovarian follicular development. There are two drugs used for this: * Clomiphene citrate * Letrozole Clomiphene citrate is the first choice. It is used when there is no known or o...") Tag: Visual edit
17:34, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B12. Infertility; classifications and diagnosis (Created page with "Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive with regular intercourse without use of contraception after 12 months in women less then 35 years of age, and after 6 months in women 35 years and older. We can distinguish primary and secondary infertility. In primary, the woman has never achieved pregnancy, while in secondary, there’s been at least one previous pregnancy. Fecundability is also relevant. It’s the probability of achieving a pregnancy i...") Tag: Visual edit
17:33, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B11. Hyperandrogenic disorders, PCOS (Created page with "== Hyperandrogenism == Hyperandrogenism in females is defined as a state of excess androgen levels which cause symptoms such as hirsutism, hypertrichosis, acne, and male-pattern hair loss. PCOS accounts for 80% of causes, but other causes include: * Non-classic CAH * Cushing disease * Hypothyroidism * Hyperprolactinaemia * Androgen-secreting tumour Women with hypertrichosis often shave their facial hair, so it might be difficult to evaluate hypertrichosis. However, hai...") Tag: Visual edit
17:31, 6 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B10. Treatment of endometriosis (Created page with "Unfortunately, no treatment of endometriosis is curative. Rather, we can slow the progression and reduce the complaints of the patient. The goals of treatment are to: * Achieve a pain-free state * Solve infertility * Remove ovarian endometrial cysts * Remove endometrial lesions outside the lesser pelvis * Achieve a long recurrence-free period Treatment is indicated in cases of unacceptable pain, infertility if the patient wishes to have children, or there is risk of or...") Tag: Visual edit
21:21, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B9. Endometriosis; pathophysiology, classification, symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Endometriosis is a condition characterised by ectopic growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is unknown why endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity, and how the cells can survive and proliferate there. It’s a progressive disease, as the morphology of the extrauterine endometrial tissue changes over time. It’s a common disease, affecting around 6 – 8% of women of reproductive age. It’s a common cause of infertility. == Etiology...") Tag: Visual edit
21:20, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B8. Vulvar and vaginal inflammatory disorders and their treatment (Created page with "Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It’s a common condition, and it’s one of the most common gynaecological disorders in children. == Etiology == * Infectious vulvovaginitis (90% of cases) ** Bacterial vulvovaginitis (bacterial vaginosis) (50% of cases) ** Vulvovaginal candidiasis ** Trichomoniasis * Non-infectious vulvovaginitis ** Atrophic vaginitis ** Allergic vulvovaginitis ** Mechanical vulvovaginitis Bacterial vaginosis is caused by di...") Tag: Visual edit
21:19, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B7. The most common childhood gynecological diseases (Created page with "I had this topic on my ob/gyn 2 exam. I talked about vulvovaginitis and what makes children more prone to it, and then he asked me about dysmenorrhoea. The most common childhood gynaecological disorders are: * Vulvovaginitis (topic B8) * Primary dysmenorrhoea (topic A2) * Amenorrhoea (topic A1) * Bleeding disorders (topic A2) * Endometriosis (topic B9, 10) * PCOS (topic B11) * Intersexuality (topic B5) * Precocious puberty (topic B6) Category:Obstetrics and gynaecol...") Tag: Visual edit
21:18, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B6. Physiology of puberty and menarche (Created page with "== Puberty and menarche == Puberty is a period of transition from sexual immaturity to sexual maturity, during which both internal changes (to the gonads and adrenals) and external changes occur. In females, puberty usually begins in the age of 8 – 12, while in males, it usually begins in the age of 9 – 13. However, the timing of pubertal onset varies wildly among countries and ethnicities. Pubertal onset occurs earlier now than 20 years ago. === Internal changes =...") Tag: Visual edit
21:16, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B5. Intersexuality, gonadal dysgenesis (Created page with "== Intersexuality == Intersexuality is the condition where people are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definitions of female or male. It occurs when there is discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, internal genital or phenotypic sex. Some intersex traits are not visible at birth, only later. Others will not become aware that they are intersex unless they receive genetic testing, because their phenotype is either completely female...") Tag: Visual edit
21:15, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B4. Functional diagnostics of the ovarian capacity, cycle diagnostic (Created page with "These investigations are mostly relevant for the evaluation of infertility. == Medical history and labs == The regularity of the menstrual cycle is important in assessing the ovarian cycle. A cycle is considered normal when it comes every 24 – 38 days. Elevated serum progesterone over a certain value (> 3 ng/mL or > 10 nmol/L) mid-luteal phase (day 21) is indicative of ovulation. If this increase does not occur, the patient has anovulation and should be investigated...") Tag: Visual edit
21:14, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B3. Indications and methods of hysterectomy (Created page with "Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, sometimes with other surrounding structures as well. It is the most common gynaecological surgery. The main indications for hysterectomy are gynaecological cancer and precancerous lesions (vaginal, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, gestational), but hysterectomy is also an option in several conditions when they are refractory to medical treatment: * Pelvic organ prolapse * Adenomyosis * Endometriosis * Pelvic inflammato...") Tag: Visual edit
21:12, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B2. Congenital anomalies of the genital tract (diagnosis and therapy) (Created page with "The uterus is the female genital organ most commonly affected by congenital abnormalities. In general, these abnormalities increase the risk for: * Mid-trimester abortion * Malpresentation * Preterm birth * Prolonged labour * Obstructed labour * Retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage However, many people with these abnormalities have normal pregnancies as well. For this reason, surgical correction is not warranted unless the patient has had problems with pregnanc...") Tag: Visual edit
21:11, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B1. Genital fistulas – pathomechanism, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Fistulation between genitalia and the urinary tract, bowel, or skin are rare complications in gynaecology and obstetrics. The most common fistulas are: * Urogenital fistulas ** Vesicovaginal fistula ** Ureterovaginal fistula ** Urethrovaginal fistula ** Vesicouterine fistula * Enterogenital fistulas ** Rectovaginal fistula * Vaginocutaneous fistulas Fistulas are more common in the developing world due to inadequate pregnancy and perinatal care. Urogenital fistulas are...") Tag: Visual edit
21:10, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A15. Menopause (Created page with "Menopause is the cessation of menses. It’s characterised by symptoms caused by the decline and loss of ovarian function. The official date of the menopause is the last menstruation which is then followed by amenorrhoea in the next 6 – 12 months (amenorrhoea remains for life, but we don’t wait longer than 6 – 12 months before we say that menopause has occured). Menopause occurs at approximately 45 – 55 years. Menopause is one event in the ''climacteric period''...") Tag: Visual edit
21:09, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A14. Hormonal contraception; indications, contraindications, positive effects and potential complications (Created page with "Hormonal contraception involves progestins with or without oestrogens to achieve contraception. There are many types: * Daily-use contraception ** Combined oral contraceptive pills ** Progestin-only contraceptive pills (also called minipill) * Nondaily-use contraception ** Contraceptive patch ** Vaginal ring ** Injectable progestin ** Subdermal progestin implant ** Hormonal IUD (topic A13) Many types of oestrogens and progestins can be used in hormonal contraception:...") Tag: Visual edit
21:07, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A13. The criteria and the potential complications of IUD usage (Created page with "An intrauterine device (IUD) is form of contraception which is inserted into the uterus. It is small and T-shaped so that it’s stuck in place. It’s very widely used worldwide due to the many benefits: * One-time procedure which is effective for 3, 5 or 10 years * Highly effective (> 99%) * Highly cost effective * Does not require regular adherence * It’s rapidly reversible (fertility returns in a few months) * There are few contraindications * There are few side...") Tag: Visual edit
21:05, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A12. Acute abdomen in gynecology (Created page with "== Ectopic pregnancy == Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the fertilised egg attached in a location other than the uterine cavity. It can be lethal and as such must be excluded in all cases of acute abdomen in women of reproductive age. Symptoms usually begin in week 6 – 8. 95% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube, most commonly in the ampulla. Other potential locations include the ovary, abdomen, hysterotomy scar, and cervix. === Etiology ===...") Tag: Visual edit
21:03, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A11. Ovarian cancer; classification, symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer (after endometrial), but the most common cause of gynaecological cancer death due to its poor prognosis. It has no early symptoms, it has potential to grow very large, and it has aggressive behaviour. There is no effective screening for it in the general population. It is mostly a disease of postmenopausal women in the 55 – 65 age group. The 5-year survival is 30 – 35%. The only real opportunity for sur...") Tag: Visual edit
21:01, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A10. Endometrial cancer; symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Endometrial cancer is the cancer of the uterine corpus. There are multiple histological types, but the most common is the endometroid carcinoma. It’s mostly a disease of postmenopausal women. It’s the most common form of gynaecological cancer (but not the most deadly, ovarian cancer is). It causes symptoms early, enabling diagnosis at a stage where there is a high likelihood of cure. The mortality is relatively low. == Pathological classification == These are most...") Tag: Visual edit
21:00, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A9. Cervical cancer; symptoms and diagnosis (Created page with "Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable cancer for three reasons: * There is a precursor lesion (CIN) which progresses slowly to cancer (topic A7) * There is an inexpensive and non-invasive screening test for CIN (Pap smear) * The precursor lesion can be treated simply and effectively to prevent progression to cancer Additionally, <abbr>HPV</abbr> vaccines (topic A8) are available which effectively prevent HPV-related cervical cancer. For these r...") Tag: Visual edit
21:00, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A8. The role of HPV in the pathomechanism of gynecologic malignancies; HPV vaccination (Created page with "Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus which is closely related to cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer, as well as their precursors. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are hundreds of serotypes of HPV, not all of which cause cancer. Those which do are called “high-risk”, which includes, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which account for over 90% of cases, as well as other types. However, HPV 16 and 18 account for 2/3 of cases and are therefore...") Tag: Visual edit
20:58, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A7. Premalignant disease and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix; diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor to cervical carcinoma. Its clinical importance lies in its utility in preventing cervical cancer. Cervical carcinoma is a “controllable”, highly preventable cancer for three reasons: * There is a precursor lesion (CIN) which progresses slowly to cancer * There is an inexpensive and non-invasive screening test for CIN (Pap smear) * The precursor lesion can be treated simply and effectively to prevent progressio...") Tag: Visual edit
20:56, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A6. Postmenopausal bleeding (Created page with "Postmenopausal (vaginal) bleeding (PMB) is a red flag for malignancy and a common cause of gynaecological visits. In case of vaginal bleeding beginning more than 1 year after the last menstruation, thorough evaluation should always be performed to exclude malignancy. The only exception is if they’re taking postmenopausal hormone therapy, as bleeding is expected in these cases. Approximately 5 – 10% of postmenopausal women experience vaginal bleeding. The risk that t...") Tag: Visual edit
20:55, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A5. Adnexal inflammatory diseases; diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy (Created page with "''I’m pretty sure they mean pelvic inflammatory disease''. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract and neighbouring pelvic organs. It causes colpitis, endocervitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, and/or tubo-ovarian abscess. It affects approx. 4% of women of reproductive age and is a common cause of infertility. == Etiology == The majority of PID cases are caused by sexually transmitted pathoge...") Tag: Visual edit
20:53, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A4. Benign adnexal masses; classification, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "An adnexal mass is a mass of the ovary, fallopian tube, or the surrounding connective tissue. Benign adnexal masses are common, and most of them are ovarian cysts. However, adnexal masses may be malignant and so it’s important to evaluate them to determine whether it is benign or malignant. The patient may present with gynaecological symptoms like pelvic pain or pressure, or the mass may be incidentally discovered during imaging. The following conditions can form adn...") Tag: Visual edit
20:51, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A3. Uterine fibroids; types, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Leiomyomas, often called uterine fibroids due to their fibrous consistency due to their collagen content, is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the myometrium. They are never malignant. It’s a very common condition, affecting around 6/10 women. It’s mostly asymptomatic and those who are asymptomatic rarely require treatment. == Etiology == The underlying cause is not known, but some risk factors are: * Age – risk increases with age * Oestrogen and hormone treatm...") Tag: Visual edit
20:50, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A2. Bleeding disorders; types and diagnosis (Created page with "Bleeding disorders in gynaecology (abnormal uterine bleeding, AUB) include: * Amenorrhoea (see topic A1) * Hypomenorrhoea * Hypermenorrhoea/menorrhagia * Metrorrhagia * Oligomenorrhoea * Dysmenorrhoea (not sure if considered abnormal uterine bleeding but I’ll include it here) Bleeding disorders are one of the most common problems in gynaecology, as it may impair daily life, cause iron deficiency anaemia, and make the patient worried about malignant disease. It affect...") Tag: Visual edit
20:49, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page A1. Amenorrhea; classifications, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Amenorrhoea means that there is a loss of menstruation. We can distinguish primary and secondary amenorrhea. == Primary amenorrhoea == Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menstruation to occur by age 16, despite normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics, or by the age of 14 if there are no secondary sexual characteristics. === Etiology === * Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism ** Gonadal dysgenesis – (most common cause) * Anatomical abnormalities of the genital...") Tag: Visual edit
20:47, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology 2 (Created blank page)
20:46, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B30. Pyelitis in pregnancy (Created page with "Pyelonephritis, bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, is more common in pregnancy due to physiological changes of the urinary tract. Most cases occur in the second and third trimester. It most frequently occurs on the right side. Pregnancy predisposes to higher risk of complications from pyelonephritis, both medical and obstetrical. == Etiology == Pyelonephritis is a result of untreated or unnoticed lower urinary tract infection which ascends into the upper urinary...") Tag: Visual edit
20:45, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B29. Vaginal delivery after prior uterine surgery (Created page with "Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery (VBAC) refers to delivering vaginally after having previously delivered by C-section. The decision of whether to attempt vaginal labour next pregnancy or have a planned repeat caesarean delivery (PRCD) must be made together with the patient. VBAC is considered successful if the foetus is successfully birthed vaginally, no emergency C-section required. The success rate of VBAC is 70% after one previous C-section, and 50% after two o...") Tag: Visual edit
20:43, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B28. Breech presentation, transverse lie (Created page with "== Breech presentation == Breech presentation is a form of abnormal presentation when the foetus presents with the buttocks or feet instead of the head. This presentation increases the risk for complications. We distinguish three different types of breech presentation: * Frank breech – both hips are flexed, both knees are extended (most common) * Incomplete breech – One or both hips are not flexed ** Single footling breech – hip of one leg is flexed, knee of the...") Tag: Visual edit
20:42, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B27. Fetal rotational anomalies (Created page with "Many foetuses enter labour in occiput posterior or occiput transverse position, but then undergo spontaneous rotation to occiput anterior during labour. Abnormalities of the foetal rotation (malrotation) refers to when rotation of the foetal head in the pelvis does not occur correctly during labour, and spontaneous rotation to occiput anterior does not occur. These include persistent occiput posterior and persistent occiput transverse. Malrotation may prolong or arrest...") Tag: Visual edit
20:41, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B26. Abnormalities of the fetal engagement (Created page with "In obstetrics, engagement refers to when the presenting part of the foetus passes the pelvic inlet. At this point, the foetus has reached the so-called 0 station. Once the foetus is engaged, it does not go back up. Abnormalities of foetal engagement include asynclitism and “high longitudinal position”. == Asynclitism == In synclitism, the plane of the biparietal diameter is parallel with the plane of the pelvic inlet, which makes the sagittal suture of the foetal he...") Tag: Visual edit
20:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:High longitudinal position.png
20:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:High longitudinal position.png
20:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Synclitism and asynclitism.png
20:40, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Synclitism and asynclitism.png
20:39, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B25. Abnormalities of the fetal position (Created page with "''This and the next two topics are a mess. It’s difficult to understand which abnormalities go under which category (“abnormality of position/engagement/rotation”), as the lectures don’t talk much about them, they are inconsistent as to how they group the abnormalities and how they use the different terms, and other sources use the different terms to mean different things. I think I cracked the code (took days), but please leave a comment if you disagree or heard...") Tag: Visual edit
20:38, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Occiput presentations.jpg
20:38, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Occiput presentations.jpg
20:37, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Foetal attitudes.jpg
20:37, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Foetal attitudes.jpg
20:34, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B24. Overdue and postterm pregnancy (Created page with "Overdue pregnancy refers to a pregnancy which has passed week 41+0 (day 287). Postterm pregnancy refers to pregnancy which has passed week 42+0 (day 294). Postterm pregnancy is associated with several complications, due to the excessive foetal growth or due to placental insufficiency (as the placenta is unable to support the postterm foetus). Complications include oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, macrosomia, and meconium aspiration. There’s also a hig...") Tag: Visual edit
20:33, 5 August 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B23. Daytime delivery and induced labor (Created page with "Labour can be induced, i.e. forced to start earlier than it would physiologically, with the help of certain medications and procedures. This is done if there is a medical indication for why pregnancy should not progress further, because the risk to the mother or foetus would be higher than the risk of induction if pregnancy would be allowed to continue. Planned/scheduled/elective/daytime delivery refers to when the delivery of a term (> 39 week) foetus is induced in the...") Tag: Visual edit
19:35, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B22. Intrapartum management of preterm delivery (Created page with "Preterm infants are much more susceptible to hypoxia and obstetrical trauma, partly due to the foetal skull being less resistant to pressure, immature cerebral vasoregulation, and decreased production of lung surfactant. For these reasons, more monitoring and care is necessary to prevent injuries due to these mechanisms in preterms. == Choosing mode of delivery == As with term and post-term deliveries, it’s important to determine whether one should attempt vaginal bir...") Tag: Visual edit
19:34, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B21. Threatened preterm delivery; pathomechanism, management (Created page with "Threatened preterm delivery is a vague term used to define a situation where preterm delivery may be imminent, requiring the need for management to try to postpone delivery as long as possible. The most common finding which raises alarms for threatened preterm delivery is regular contractions ahead of week 37. Past gestational week 34, there is no need to attempt to delay premature labour, as the perinatal outcome is so good at that point that applying the measures used...") Tag: Visual edit
19:33, 26 July 2023 Nikolas talk contribs created page B20. Cervical incompetence; etiology, diagnosis and therapy (Created page with "Cervical insufficiency or cervical incompetence is a condition where the cervix fails to retain a pregnancy in the second trimester due to painless shortening and dilation of the cervix. This is recurrent (occurs across multiple pregnancies) and may lead to spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. In physiological cases, the cervix remains long and closed during pregnancy until labour. Approximately 10% of cases of preterm labour is due to cervical insufficiency. == Etio...") Tag: Visual edit