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10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Tetralogy of Fallot.png
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Tetralogy of Fallot.png
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Types of ASDs.gif
10:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Types of ASDs.gif
10:32, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium (Created page with "== Myocarditis == Myocarditis, inflammation of the myocardium, can be divided into two groups: Those that are secondary to infections (non-immune/infectious type), and those that are secondary to immune reactions (immune-mediated type). Myocarditis is by definition an acute inflammation, however despite this are actually lymphocytes the most important type of leukocyte in this disease. Histologically can focal lymphocyte accumulations be seen, along with focal cell necr...") Tag: Visual edit
10:30, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Cardiomyopathies. Tumours and tumour-like conditions of the heart (Created page with "== Cardiomyopathies == Most heart muscle diseases are secondary to some other condition, like coronary artery disease, hypertension or valvular disease. These diseases are ''not'' cardiomyopathies. A cardiomyopathy (CMP) is defined as a primary (!) heart muscle disease, meaning that it doesn’t occur secondary due to any other disease. Specifically, we must exclude ischaemic, hypertensive and valvular heart diseases, to establish the presence of a cardiomyopathy. ''Pat...") Tag: Visual edit
10:28, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones) (Created page with "== Valvular heart disease == Any disease of the cardiac valves results in either stenosis, insufficiency or both. Stenosis is the failure of a valve to open completely. This obstructs the forward blood flow through valve. Stenosis almost always occurs due to a chronic process, like calcification or scarring of the valve. Insufficiency is the failure of a valve to close completely. This allows blood to flow backwards during systole or diastole, a process called ''regurg...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction (Created page with "== Introduction == Acute coronary syndrome (<abbr>ACS</abbr>) is an umbrella term for acute presentations of coronary artery disease or ischaemic heart disease. There are three types, each of which with differing underlying pathophysiology: * Non-ST elevation coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) ** Unstable angina (UA)/unstable angina pectoris (UAP) ** Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) * ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Acute myocardial infarct (AMI) is...") Tag: Visual edit
10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Diaphorase reaction..png
10:25, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Diaphorase reaction..png
10:22, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death (Created page with "== Ischaemic heart disease == === Introduction === As cardiomyocytes generate almost all their energy from oxidative phosphorylation they are strictly dependent on continuous flow of oxygenated blood. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is an umbrella term for all conditions characterised by ischaemia of the myocardium. Because this is almost always due to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the term ''coronary artery disease'' (CAD) is virtually equivalent to IHD and they’re...") Tag: Visual edit
10:19, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology 1 - Theoretical exam topics (Created page with "Category:Pathology 1") Tag: Visual edit
10:18, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page Category:Pathology 1 (Created page with "Category:3rd year") Tag: Visual edit
09:53, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 67. Benign and malignant bone tumours (Created page with "== Introduction == Primary bone tumors are considerably less common than bone metastases. We’ll discuss the primary bone tumors first. The primary bone tumors range from benign to very malignant. They are divided into five subgroups: * Bone-forming tumors ** Osteoma ** Osteoid osteoma ** Osteoblastoma ** Osteosarcoma * Cartilage-forming tumors ** Osteochondroma ** Chondroma ** Chondrosarcoma * Fibrous and fibroosseous tumors ** Fibrous cortical defect/nonossifying fi...") Tag: Visual edit
09:52, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 66. Hereditary, inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases (Created page with "== Introduction == Bone is comprised of an organic osteoid matrix which is mineralized by a calcium phosphate salt called hydroxyapatite. It’s a dynamic tissue that is constantly remodelled by being resorbed and put down but osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Bone is comprised of proteins like type I collagen and many noncollagenous proteins produced by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts produce either woven bone or lamellar bone. Woven bone is the result of rapid bone...") Tag: Visual edit
09:50, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 65. Inflammatory skin diseases (Created page with "== Urticaria == Urticaria (commonly known as “hives”) is a condition where erythematous, oedematous and pruritic plaques called ''wheals'' arise on the skin. It can be caused by a multitude of factors, like allergens, insect bites, cold, stress, pressure and even normal water. Pathogenesis: A type I hypersensitivity reaction against antigens like pollen, food or drugs causes mast cells in the skin to degranulate. This causes the small arteries in the dermis to becom...") Tag: Visual edit
09:48, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 64. Epithelial tumours of the skin (Created page with "== Benign epithelial lesions == Seborrheic keratosis is a benign neoplasm of squamous cells which mostly affects the elderly. It is a round, exophytic plaque that are classically described as if they were “stuck on” the skin. Histology shows papillomatosis (hyperplasia of the dermal papillae), Hyperkeratosis and keratin-filled cysts. They’re not associated with sun exposure. The sudden onset of many seborrheic keratoses is called Leser-Trélat sign and is a paraneo...") Tag: Visual edit
09:45, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 63. Melanocytic lesions (+ introduction to skin lesions) (Created page with "== Introduction == Before we begin, we need to know some macroscopic skin lesions. Excoriation is a traumatic skin lesion often caused by scratching its own skin. A red linear mark forms as the epidermis is broken. Lichenification is a thickened and rough skin characterised by prominent skin markings. It’s characteristic for lichen simplex chronicus. It can occur in response to of repeated rubbing or itching of the skin. A macule is a flat, circumscribed lesion less...") Tag: Visual edit
09:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Vesicles.jpg
09:43, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Vesicles.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Scaly skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Scaly skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Purulent-pustule-on-the-skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Purulent-pustule-on-the-skin.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Plaque in psoriasis.jpg
09:42, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Plaque in psoriasis.jpg
09:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Papule.jpg
09:41, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Papule.jpg
09:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Macule.jpg
09:38, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Macule.jpg
09:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Lichenification.jpg
09:37, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Lichenification.jpg
09:36, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 62. Breast carcinoma. Pathogenesis, types, prognosis (Created page with "=== Definition and epidemiology === Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and it’s the second most common cause of cancer mortality. The condition is related to increased oestrogen. When we talk about breast cancer we can mean either non-invasive or invasive carcinoma. These tumors develop from different parts of the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU). They most frequently affect the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Breast cancer is most common in old...") Tag: Visual edit
09:35, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 61. Mastitides (lactational, ductus ectasia, fat necrosis, galactocele). Mastopathies (fibrocystic change). Fibroepthelial tumours. (Created page with "== Introduction == The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is the functional unit of the breast. Like the name suggests it’s comprised of a lobule + the terminal duct that lobule empties into. The lobule produces milk, and the duct carries that milk to the nipple. center|thumb|Breast duct anatomy. From <nowiki>https://ultrasoundregistryreview.com/BreastTrial4.html</nowiki> All ducts and lobules of the breasts have two cell layers. The fir...") Tag: Visual edit
09:34, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Breast duct anatomy.jpg
09:34, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Breast duct anatomy.jpg
09:33, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 60. Pathology of pregnancy II (transplacental infections, chromosomal aberrations) (Created page with "== Placental infections == Infections may reach the placenta by ascension through the birth canal or by transplacental spread. The placenta is comprised of many parts and we must therefore introduce a few new terms: * Chorioamnionitis – infection of the foetal membranes * Funisitis – infection of the umbilical cord * Villitis – infection of the placental villi Ascending infections of the placenta are much more common than transplacental ones. These infections are...") Tag: Visual edit
09:31, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 59. Pathology of pregnancy I (implantation disorders, gestosis, trophoblastic tumours) (Created page with "== Implantation disorders == Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of the fertilized ovum at a site other than the uterine wall. Ectopic pregnancies occur in 1% of all pregnancies, and 90% of these occur in the fallopian tube. Other possible sites include the ovary and the abdominal cavity. The main risk factor for this is scarring of the fallopian tube, which decreases the speed at which the egg is moved through the tube, increasing the risk that it will implant...") Tag: Visual edit
09:30, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 58. Cysts and tumours of the ovaries (surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cordstromal tumours, tumours, metastases) (Created page with "== Ovaries == The functional unit of the ovary is the ovarian follicle, which is comprised of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells. The theca cells respond to LH by producing androgens from cholesterol. The granulosa cells respond to FSH by converting the androgens produced by the theca cells into oestrogens like oestradiol. The enzyme used to perform this conversion is called ''aromatase''. Oestradiol stimulates the oocyte to mature. It also stimulates the...") Tag: Visual edit
09:28, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 57. Diseases of the uterus and fallopian tubes (Created page with "== Endometrial carcinoma == Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract in the western world. The peak incidence is between 50 and 70 years old. It is rare before the age of 40. We divide endometrial carcinoma into two histological subtypes, endometrioid type (type I) and non-endometrioid type (type II). These types are histologically and pathogenetically distinct. Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma gets its name as they are histological...") Tag: Visual edit
09:27, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 56. Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Dysfunctional bleedings. Endometrial hyperplasia. Endometritises (Created page with "== Introduction == The uterine corpus is composed of endometrial mucosa and underlying smooth muscle myometrium. The endometrium is comprised of a functional layer, which proliferates and then sloughs during the menstrual cycle, and a basal layer, from which the functional layer grows each cycle. Oestrogen is essential for growth of the endometrial glands while progesterone is essential for growth of the endometrial stroma. In normal cycles menstruation occurs because p...") Tag: Visual edit
09:26, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 55. Inflammations, tumourlike lesions and tumours of the cervix. Carcinoma of the cervix (pathogenesis, pathomorphology, screening) (Created page with "== Cervix == The cervix is the “neck” of the uterus, hence the name. It’s divided into the exocervix and the endocervix. The exocervix is covered by stratified squamous epithelium while the endocervix is covered by simple columnar epithelium. The junction between the two is called the ''squamocolumnar junction''. == Cervicitis == Cervicitis can be infectious and non-infectious. It’s most frequently caused by common sexually transmitted infections. Here are the m...") Tag: Visual edit
09:24, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 54. Pathology of the vulva and vagina. Sexually transmitted diseases (Created page with "''Written by ms. Worldwide, edited by Nikolas'' == Lesions of the vulva == The vulva is the external female genitalia and includes the most hair-bearing skin and mucosa in that region. It involves the labia majora and minora. Most pathologies of the vulva are more annoying than serious. A Bartholin cyst is a cyst that occurs when the Bartholin glands that lubricate the vaginal vestibule becomes obstructed, causing the gland to enlarge. It usually occurs unilaterally an...") Tag: Visual edit
09:22, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 53. Testicular tumours, classification, tumour markers (Created page with "== Introduction == Testicular cancer is most frequent in young males. It is the most common tumor in men in the 15 – 35 age group. There are 6 – 8 new cases per 100 000 every year in Hungary. There are three age peaks where testicular cancer is most common: * 15 – 35 years (the most common age group) * 0 – 10 years * > 60 years Common risk factors include: * Cryptorchidism * Previous testicular cancer * Positive family history * Gonadal dysgenesis ** Klinefelt...") Tag: Visual edit
09:21, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of testicular germ cell tumours.png
09:21, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of testicular germ cell tumours.png
09:20, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page File:Classification of testicular tumours.png
09:20, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs uploaded File:Classification of testicular tumours.png
09:17, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 52. Congenital abnormalities and infammatory diseases of the testes. Pathology of the appendices of the testis (epidydimis, spermatic cord) (Created page with "== Congenital abnormalities of the testes == The testes develop in the retroperitoneum and descend through the abdominal cavity and the inguinal canal into the scrotum. The descent into the pelvis usually occurs within month 3 of intrauterine life while the descent through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum occurs during the last 2 months. It’s not uncommon that the last step occurs during the first months of life. Cryptorchidism is the most common abnormality he...") Tag: Visual edit
09:16, 5 May 2022 Nikolas talk contribs created page 51. Tumours of the prostate (Created page with "== Prostate cancer == Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men, accounting for around 25% of cases. However, it causes only 9% of all cancer deaths, which shows that it has a low mortality. This is owed mostly to regular screening of PSA levels and digital rectal examination. The efficacy of screening for prostate cancer is debated. The reason for this is that not all cases of prostate cancer are aggressive and fatal; many cases follow a very indolent co...") Tag: Visual edit