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- 20:40, 8 November 2024 General anaesthesia (hist | edit) [6,003 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''General anaesthesia''' is a state characterised by: * Reversible loss of consciousness * Absence of pain (analgesia) * Blocking of noxious autonomous reflexes * Loss of memory (amnesia) * Relaxation of skeletal muscles Multiple drugs are needed to achieve general anaesthesia. Many different drugs are used as general anaesthetics. They’re either inhalation anaesthetics or intravenous anaesthetics, according to the method of delivery. These two types can be...") Tag: Visual edit
- 19:35, 8 November 2024 B4. Pharmacology of inhalational anaesthetics and intravenous anaesthetics (hist | edit) [185 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Inhaled anaesthetics = {{#lst:Inhaled anaesthetics|A&IC}} = Intravenous anaesthetics = {{#lst:Intravenous anaesthetics|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 19:33, 8 November 2024 Intravenous anaesthetics (hist | edit) [5,820 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="pharmacology" /><section begin="A&IC" />'''Intravenous anaesthetics''' (IV anaesthetics) are drugs used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia which are administered intravenously (as opposed to inhaled anaesthetics). While inhaled anaesthetics can be “fast-acting”, they’re still relatively slow and need a few minutes to kick in. Intravenous anaesthetics can cause anaesthesia in as little as 20 second. The anaesthetic effect stops when...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:02, 8 November 2024 Inhaled anaesthetics (hist | edit) [6,652 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="pharmacology" /><section begin="A&IC" />'''Inhaled anaesthetics''', also called '''inhalational''' or '''inhalation anaesthetics''', are drugs used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia which are administered by inhalation. These are lipid-soluble, hydrophobic drugs. The more lipid-soluble the drug, the: * Higher the potency (the lower the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)) * Slower the induction of anaesthesia * Slower the recovery from anae...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched originally created as "Inhaled anesthetics"
- 18:42, 8 November 2024 B3. Principles of paediatric anaesthesia (hist | edit) [94 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Paediatric anaesthesia|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:42, 8 November 2024 Paediatric anaesthesia (hist | edit) [3,164 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Paediatric anaesthesia''' is complicated and demanding on the clinician. == Before anaesthesia == Repeated or lengthy general anaesthesia in children can negatively affect their brain development, but short courses have no negative effect. The risk is higher in preterms and newborns. As always, a detailed history should be taken. It’s important to know about the vaccines, as 2 – 10 days must pass between vaccines and anaesthesia....") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:38, 8 November 2024 B2. Airway maintenance, respiratory systems, anaesthetic machine (hist | edit) [169 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Airway management = {{#lst:Airway management|A&IC}} = Anaesthetic machine = {{#lst:Anaesthetic machine|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:38, 8 November 2024 Anaesthetic machine (hist | edit) [702 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />The primary function of the '''anaesthetic machine''' is to provide adequate amounts of oxygen and anaesthetic agent under controlled conditions, and to prevent the patient from inhaling their own exhaled air. It has three parts: * Gas delivery system – delivers a mixture of inhaled anaesthetics, oxygen, and air ** CO2 – absorber containing soda lime ** Reservoir bag – provides a gas reservoir and allows us to evaluate the patient’s spont...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:37, 8 November 2024 Airway management (hist | edit) [1,667 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />There are several things which must be taken into account regarding '''airway management''' during perioperatively: * What is the patient’s body shape and airway anatomy? Will it make intubation difficult? * Has the patient fasted? * Are muscle relaxants needed? * Will the surgery influence the anaesthesia somehow? If the patient hasn’t fasted before surgery, for example during an emergency, the stomach is regarded as full, and rapid-seq...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:23, 8 November 2024 B1. Preoperative patient assessment and risk stratification, preparation for anaesthesia (hist | edit) [95 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Preoperative assessment|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:23, 8 November 2024 Preoperative assessment (hist | edit) [2,716 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />The '''preoperative assessment''' consists of the anaesthesiologist taking history, physical examination, medication history, and assessing comorbidities. It’s usually performed the day before planned surgery. Its purpose is to: * Provide the patient with through information, which is important for informed consent * Make the patients to ask questions and receive exhaustive answers * Reduce the patient’s anxiety, introduce yourself * Allow th...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:19, 8 November 2024 A22. Definition and ethical aspects of brain-stem death (hist | edit) [147 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Brain death = {{#lst:Brain death|A&IC}} = Organ donation = {{#lst:Organ donation|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:15, 8 November 2024 A20. Critical care of severely burned patients (hist | edit) [83 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Burn injury|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:13, 8 November 2024 Burn injury (hist | edit) [2,115 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Burn injuries''' are potentially lethal injuries. Children are often affected. == Depths of burn == * 1st degree – only the epidermis is affected * 2nd degree – epidermis and dermis are affected ** 2A – upper layers of dermis affected ** 2B – deeper layers of dermis affected * 3rd degree – epidermis, dermis, and subcutis affected * 4th degree – muscle, fat, fascia, bones affected 1st degree burns form no blisters, but the skin is...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:11, 8 November 2024 A19. Critical care after central nervous system injury, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure (hist | edit) [279 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Traumatic brain injury = {{#lst:Traumatic brain injury|A&IC}} = Traumatic spinal cord injury = {{#lst:Traumatic spinal cord injury|A&IC}} = Increased intracranial pressure = {{#lst:Increased intracranial pressure|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:10, 8 November 2024 Traumatic spinal cord injury (hist | edit) [3,319 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" /><section begin="Neurology" />'''Traumatic spinal cord injuries''' (TSCI) are often caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, or sport injuries. The extent of the damage depends on the level of the injury. Spinal shock refers to transient loss of spinal cord function below the level of the injury. It may take weeks for function to return. Haemodynamic monitoring is important as it’s accompanied by hypotension, etc. Intubation is indic...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:06, 8 November 2024 Increased intracranial pressure (hist | edit) [436 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Increased intracranial pressure''' (ICP) is lethal. Normal ICP is < 10 – 15 mmHg. Therapeutic options: * Head elevation * CSF drainage * Sedation * Mannitol or hypertonic saline * Hyperventilation * Hypothermia * Barbiturates (pentobarbital or propofol) * Decompressive craniectomy Glucocorticoids are not used. <section end="A&IC" /> Category:Intensive care Category:Neurology") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:04, 8 November 2024 Traumatic brain injury (hist | edit) [4,431 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" /><section begin="Neurology" />'''Traumatic brain injury''' (TBI) means external force applied to skull which cause alteration of function and/or morphology of brain. It usually causes loss of consciousness, amnesia, and altered mental state. It has been called a “silent epidemic”, as it’s one of the most common causes of deaths in the young and active population. In younger adults, it usually occurs due to motor vehicle accidents. In elderl...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 17:57, 8 November 2024 A18. Critical care of polytrauma victims (hist | edit) [82 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Polytrauma|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 17:57, 8 November 2024 Polytrauma (hist | edit) [5,248 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Polytrauma''' is most simply defined as the presence of multiple injuries when the effects of these injuries are multiplied and more complicated to treat than the sum of the isolated injuries. It's an epidemic, and it’s the leading cause of death for people under 40. Shock, SIRS, and MODS can occur. Often, saving all the functions of the victim is impossible and so compromises must be made. It’s important to keep in mind the say...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 17:53, 8 November 2024 Disorders of consciousness (hist | edit) [1,205 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />The '''disorders of consciousness''' are, in Hungarian literature, usually separated into hypnoid and non-hypnoid types. The hypnoid ones are the most important. They are: * Somnolence – patient is sleepy but can be aroused by voice * Sopor – patient is unconscious and can only be aroused by pain * Coma – patient is unconscious and cannot be aroused == Evaluation == Consciousness is usually evaluated by the Glasgow coma scale, which sc...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 17:50, 8 November 2024 A17. Mental disorders, drug overdosed patients (the unconscious patient and toxins) (hist | edit) [219 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Disorders of consciousness = {{#lst:Disorders of consciousness|A&IC}} = Delirium = {{#lst:Delirium|A&IC}} = Drug intoxication = {{#lst:Drug intoxication|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 17:49, 8 November 2024 Drug intoxication (hist | edit) [1,778 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Drug intoxication''', the acute overuse of a drug (pharmacological or otherwise), is a common cause of admission to hospitals. Many are voluntary but some are accidental. == Specific types == Sympathomimetic (amphetamine, MDMA, cocaine) overdose presents with mydriasis, hyperthermia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension, seizures, altered mental status. There is no specific treatment. Opioid intoxication presents with...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:52, 3 November 2024 A16. Nutrition of the critically ill (types of nutrition and indications) (hist | edit) [104 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Enteral and parenteral nutrition|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:44, 3 November 2024 A14. Monitoring and treatment of acute renal failure (hist | edit) [91 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Acute kidney injury|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 19:39, 3 November 2024 A13. Management of acute respiratory illnesses (acute exacerbation of COPD, asthma) (hist | edit) [205 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Acute exacerbation of COPD = {{#lst:Acute exacerbation of COPD|A&IC}} = Acute exacerbation of asthma = {{#lst:Acute exacerbation of asthma|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 19:38, 3 November 2024 Acute exacerbation of asthma (hist | edit) [1,450 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Acute exacerbations of asthma''' are characterized by episodes of progressive increase in shortness of breath, cough, wheezing or chest tightness. Severe exacerbations are potentially life-threatening, and treatment requires close supervision and often ICU admission. It usually occurs due to exposure to factors like exercise, air pollution, allergens, or infections. == Clinical features == Patients present with dyspnoea, accessory breathin...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:31, 3 November 2024 A12. Indications and basis of mechanical ventilation (hist | edit) [276 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Oxygen therapy = {{#lst:Oxygen therapy|A&IC}} = Mechanical ventilation = {{#lst:Mechanical ventilation|A&IC}} = Non-invasive ventilation = {{#lst:NIV|A&IC}} = Invasive ventilation = {{#lst:Invasive ventilation|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 19:28, 3 November 2024 Mechanical ventilation (hist | edit) [506 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Mechanical ventilation''' refers to the use of a machine called a ventilator to assist or replace the patient’s breathing. It is necessary when the O2 uptake or CO2 elimination is insufficient (respiratory failure), when the respiratory muscle power is reduced, and when there is severe circulatory failure. Mechanical ventilation can be non-invasive (NIV) or invasive <section end="A&IC"...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:28, 3 November 2024 Invasive ventilation (hist | edit) [2,906 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Invasive ventilation''' is a form of mechanical ventilation which requires endotracheal intubation or, if ventilation is required long-term, a tracheostomy. It is more effective than NIV, but it’s more invasive and can therefore increase the risk for ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). It is difficult to wean people off invasive ventilation and back on spontaneous ventilation. It may take weeks. Intubation and invasive ventila...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 19:26, 3 November 2024 Non-invasive ventilation (hist | edit) [3,915 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Non-invasive ventilation''' (NIV) is a form of mechanical ventilation. It can be used with a nasal mask, face mask, a full face mask, or a helmet. NIV does not protect the airways, and so the patient must be cooperative and protect their own airways. It can also not be used in severe gas exchange disorder. Some patients with chronic disorders may use a non-invasive ventilator continously or intermittently. If non-invasive ventilation is not...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:37, 3 November 2024 A11. ARDS, definition and basic ventilatory management (hist | edit) [76 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:ARDS|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 19:46, 27 October 2024 Oxygen therapy (hist | edit) [4,907 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Oxygen therapy''', also called '''oxygen supplementation''', refers to administration of oxygen to the patient. The most common use case is hypoxaemia (type 1 respiratory failure) for any cause, but it is also indicated in CO intoxication, for example. Multiple devices can be used to administer oxygen, the most commonly used being the nasal cannula. Both the flow (in litres per minute) of the gas delivered and the fraction of inspi...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:57, 27 October 2024 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (hist | edit) [2,009 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Acute respiratory distress syndrome''' (ARDS) is a life-threatening inflammation with oedema in the lungs which leads to severe respiratory failure. It occurs in approx. 10% of ICU patients, and there is a 50% mortality rate. == Etiology == * Sepsis (most common) * Pneumonia * Aspiration of gastric content * Shock * Acute pancreatitis * Major trauma == Clinical features == * Dyspnoea, restlessness, anxiety * Altered mental status * Cyan...") Tag: Visual edit
- 18:52, 27 October 2024 A10. Multiple organ failure (hist | edit) [107 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:52, 27 October 2024 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (hist | edit) [770 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome''' (MODS), also called '''multiple organ failure''' (MOF) is defined as the acute insufficiency of 2 or more organ systems, requiring intervention to maintain homeostasis. It has high mortality, and the mortality increases with the amount of failing organ systems. It is mostly seen as an end-stage of sepsis or other severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome like acute pancreatitis. The SOFA...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:45, 27 October 2024 A9. Basic management of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock (hist | edit) [78 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Sepsis|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:33, 27 October 2024 A8. Infection and infection control on the ICU (hist | edit) [101 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Intensive care unit|A&IC infection}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:33, 27 October 2024 Intensive care unit (hist | edit) [1,344 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{:Stub}} == Infection in the ICU == <section begin="A&IC" />Although intensive care units (ICUs) account for fewer than 10% of total beds in most hospitals, more than 20% of all nosocomial infections are acquired in ICUs. ICU-acquired infections account for substantial morbidity, mortality, and expense. Most bacterial infections that occur on the ICU have some sort of anti-microbial resistance. Most common infections: * Catheter-associated ...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 18:28, 27 October 2024 A7. Acid-base disorders and management (hist | edit) [293 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Metabolic acidosis = {{#lst:Metabolic acidosis|A&IC}} = Metabolic alkalosis = {{#lst:Metabolic alkalosis|A&IC}} = Respiratory acidosis = {{#lst:Respiratory acidosis|A&IC}} = Respiratory alkalosis = {{#lst:Respiratory alkalosis|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 18:24, 27 October 2024 A6. Acute management of fluid imbalance (hist | edit) [85 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Fluid therapy|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 16:35, 19 October 2024 Fluid therapy (hist | edit) [3,082 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''Fluid therapy''' refers to the use of intravenous (or rarely, oral) fluids in the management of illness. == Types of fluid == “Pure water” infusions are not actually pure water, but 5% dextrose (glucose) in water (D5W) infusions. Pure water has 0 osmolarity and so would cause haemolysis, but D5W has near-physiological osmolarity (250 mOsm/L). The glucose is rapidly metabolised, yielding pure water. D5W is used in pure water deficit, like...") Tag: Visual edit
- 16:22, 19 October 2024 A5. Hemodynamic monitoring (arterial line, central line insertion, invasive hemodynamic monitoring) (hist | edit) [184 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Arterial line = {{#lst:Arterial line|A&IC}} = Central line = {{#lst:Central venous line|A&IC}} = PiCCO = {{#lst:PiCCO|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 16:21, 19 October 2024 PiCCO (hist | edit) [2,265 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />'''PiCCO''', an acronym for '''pulse contour continuous cardiac output''', is a monitor used to monitor cardiac output and other haemodynamic parametres in patients with shock in the intensive care unit. It requres a central venous catheter and a special arterial cannula (PiCCO catheter) which is inserted into the femoral artery. Using a technique called transpulmonary thermodilution and pulse contour analysis, the monitor can esti...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 10:23, 16 October 2024 Central venous line (hist | edit) [4,375 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "A '''central venous line''' or '''central venous catheter,''' often shortened to simply a '''central line''', is a catheter inserted into a central vein (as opposed to a peripheral vein for a regular peripheral venous catheter). The jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein can be used, with the jugular vein being the most common. A central line is, like an arterial line, often used for critically ill patients. Blood samples can be taken from the...") Tag: Visual edit
- 09:51, 16 October 2024 Arterial line (hist | edit) [1,111 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "<section begin="A&IC" />An '''arterial line''' or '''arterial catheter''' is a procedure involving inserting a catheter inside an artery, often the radial but also the ulnar, axillary, brachial, etc. Using an arterial line, one can easily obtain arterial blood gas samples without having to puncture the artery every time, as well as obtain "regular" blood chemistry samples. It also enables '''invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring''' (IABP), the continuous monito...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 11:00, 13 October 2024 A4. Management of acute rhythm disturbances (hist | edit) [762 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Arrhythmias are important for three reasons: * They cause suboptimal contraction, reducing cardiac output * They may predispose to thromboembolism * The arrhythmia may worsen, causing cardiac arrest == Evaluation == * Is there electrical activity at all? * How much is the ventricular rate? * Is the rhythm regular or irregular? * Evaluation of QRS – is it wide or narrow? – limit is 120 ms * Is there atrial activity? * Is there a connection between P waves and QRS c...") Tag: Visual edit
- 10:56, 13 October 2024 A21. Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (hist | edit) [86 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Cardiac arrest|A&IC}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 10:55, 13 October 2024 A15. Early warning signs and peri-arrest period (hist | edit) [93 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{#lst:Cardiac arrest|Peri-arrest}} Category:Anaesthesia and Intensive care (POTE course)")
- 14:50, 12 October 2024 Cardiac arrest (hist | edit) [13,928 bytes] Nikolas (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Cardiac arrest''' refers to when the heart stops beating, providing no or very little cardiac output. It is diagnosed when a patient is unresponsive and not breathing or breathing abnormally. As there is no cardiac output there is no pulse either, but an unconscious patient who is not breathing likely has cardiac arrest so time is not wasted feeling for a pulse. Cardiac arrest inevitebly leads to death unless successfully managed. Management of cardiac arrest is...") Tag: Visual edit