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Obesity: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "'''Overweight''' and '''obesity''' are states of increased body weight due to adipose tissue accumulation that are risk factors for severe disease, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. Obesity (and to a lesser extent overweight) is a chronic disease which leads to significant excess morbidity and mortality. It’s also an epidemic that is rising for every year, and is associated with many diseases, including diabetes, hypertensio...") |
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'''Overweight''' and '''obesity''' are states of increased body weight due to adipose tissue | '''Overweight''' and '''obesity''' are states of increased body weight due to excess adipose tissue. These are risk factors for severe disease, including [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], and cancer. Obesity (and to a lesser extent overweight) is a chronic disease which leads to significant excess morbidity and mortality. It’s also an epidemic that is rising for every year, and is associated with many diseases, including diabetes, hypertension and physical inactivity. | ||
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to defined overweight and obesity, although it has its imperfections. It is closely correlated with body fat. However, the BMI will not be the right method to choose if you have a lot of muscle, as the density of muscle tissue is higher than that of fat. | The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to defined overweight and obesity, although it has its imperfections. It is closely correlated with body fat. However, the BMI will not be the right method to choose if you have a lot of muscle, as the density of muscle tissue is higher than that of fat. | ||
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Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 – 30, while obesity is defined as a BMI > 30. BMI of more than 35 or 40 (depending on the source) is sometimes referred to as '''morbid obesity.''' | Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 – 30, while obesity is defined as a BMI > 30. BMI of more than 35 or 40 (depending on the source) is sometimes referred to as '''morbid obesity.''' | ||
Overweight and obesity are preventable causes of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Overweight and obesity cause more deaths worldwide than underweight. 4 million people die every year due to disease caused by overweight or obesity. Around 4-8% of cancers are attributed to obesity.<ref> | Overweight and obesity are preventable causes of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Overweight and obesity cause more deaths worldwide than underweight. 4 million people die every year due to disease caused by overweight or obesity. Around 4-8% of cancers are attributed to obesity.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9857053/</ref> | ||
== Etiology == | == Etiology == | ||
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== Pathology == | == Pathology == | ||
Adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue, is hormonally active, producing different hormones and molecules, including [[adiponectin]], [[leptin]], [[tumour necrosis factor]], and [[interleukin 6]], which cause chronic inflammation and disease. Increased mass of visceral adipose tissue causes excess release of free fatty acids, which leads to insulin resistance. | |||
Overnutrition makes the blood glucose level rise, so the insulin production increases to be able to lower the blood glucose. The insulin receptors will open up for glucose intake, making the cells store glucose as fat. This overnutrition makes the adipocytes full of fat and the muscles and liver full of sugar and glycogen, so they can’t handle any more glucose and shut down their insulin receptors. Pancreas try to produce more and more insulin to lower the sugar levels, but it will all result in ''hyperglycemia'' and ''hyperinsulinemia''. High insulin levels prevent lipolysis and fat oxidation, but the patient is still hungry and tired. It becomes a viscous circle. | |||
High levels of insulin may increase levels of ''Insulin-like-growth-factor-1, (<abbr>IGF</abbr>-1)'', which stimulates growth and survival of cancerous cells. This may explain the increased risk for cancer in obesity. | |||
== Complications == | == Complications == | ||
Obesity itself is a chronic disease which may lead to a number of other diseases: | Obesity itself is a chronic disease which may lead to a number of other diseases: | ||
* | * [[Type 2 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
* | * [[Ischaemic heart disease]] | ||
* Hypertension | *[[Stroke]] | ||
* Cancer | *[[Peripheral vascular disease]] | ||
* Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | * [[Hypertension]] | ||
* Cholelithiasis | * [[Atrial fibrillation]] | ||
* GERD | *Cancer ([[Breast cancer|breast]], [[Colorectal cancer|colorectal]], [[Oesophageal cancer|oesophageal]], [[Gastric cancer|gastric]], [[Gallbladder cancer|gallbladder]], [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial]], [[Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic]], [[Ovarian cancer|ovarian]]) | ||
* Osteoarthritis | * [[Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]] | ||
* Gout | * [[Cholelithiasis]] | ||
* [[GERD]] | |||
* [[Osteoarthritis]] | |||
* [[Gout]] | |||
* Infections | * Infections | ||
* Gynaecomastia | * Gynaecomastia | ||
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* Pregnancy complications | * Pregnancy complications | ||
* Psychosocial problems | * Psychosocial problems | ||
* Chronic kidney disease | * [[Chronic kidney disease]] | ||
* | * [[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome]] (''Pickwick syndrome)'' | ||
*[[Obstructive sleep apnoea]] | |||
*[[Asthma]] | |||
*[[Depression]] | |||
*[[Dementia]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<noinclude>[[Category:Pathology]] | <noinclude>[[Category:Pathology]] | ||
[[Category:Endocrinology]]</noinclude> | [[Category:Endocrinology]] | ||
</noinclude> | |||